Drug Information

Drug (ID: DG00297) and It's Reported Resistant Information

• Name: Mitomycin
• Synonyms: Mitomycin C; mitomycin C; 1950/7/7; Mutamycin; Ametycine; Mitocin-C; Ametycin; Mitomycin-C; Mytozytrex; Mitomycinum; Mytomycin; Mitozytrex; Mitomycinum C; Mitocin C; Mitomycins; Mitamycin; MMC; Mitosol; Mitomycyna C; 7-Amino-9alpha-methoxymitosane; NSC-26980; Mitomycyna C [Polish]; Mito-C; Mit-C; Mitomycin (TN); Mitomycinum [INN-Latin]; Mitomycine [INN-French]; Mitomicina [INN-Spanish]; NCI-C04706; RCRA waste number U010; NSC26980; NSC 26980; Mitomycine; CCRIS 414; UNII-50SG953SK6; HSDB 3239; C15H18N4O5; EINECS 200-008-6; Mitomycin C,; Ametycin; Mitomicina; Muamycin; Mitomycin C from Streptomyces caespitosus; Mitomycin C (JP15); Mitomycin C, Streptomyces caespitosus; Muamycin (TN); Mitomycin (USP/INN); Mitomycin [USAN:INN:BAN]; Mitomycin C, Streptomyces caespitosus, Carrier-Free
• Indication:
  In total 3 Indication(s)
  Breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60]; Approved; [1]
  Malignant digestive organ neoplasm [ICD-11: 2C11]; Approved; [1]
  Solid tumour/cancer [ICD-11: 2A00-2F9Z]; Approved; [1]
• Drug Resistance Disease(s):
  Disease(s) with Resistance Information Discovered by Cell Line Test for This Drug (2 diseases)
  Gastric cancer [ICD-11: 2B72]; [2]
  Liver cancer [ICD-11: 2C12]; [3]
• Target: Human Deoxyribonucleic acid (hDNA); NOUNIPROTAC; [1]
• Formula: C15H18N4O5
• IsoSMILES: CC1=C(C(=O)C2=C(C1=O)N3C[C@H]4[C@@H]([C@@]3([C@@H]2COC(=O)N)OC)N4)N
• InChI: 1S/C15H18N4O5/c1-5-9(16)12(21)8-6(4-24-14(17)22)15(23-2)13-7(18-13)3-19(15)10(8)11(5)20/h6-7,13,18H,3-4,16H2,1-2H3,(H2,17,22)/t6-,7+,13+,15-/m1/s1
• InChIKey: NWIBSHFKIJFRCO-WUDYKRTCSA-N
• PubChem CID: 5746
• ChEBI ID: CHEBI:27504
• TTD Drug ID: D0Y0GH
• VARIDT ID: DR01212
• DrugBank ID: DB00305

Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Drug

  EADR: Epigenetic Alteration of DNA, RNA or Protein

  UAPP: Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Diseases

ICD-02: Benign/in-situ/malignant neoplasm

Brain cancer [ICD-11: 2A00]

Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Epigenetic Alteration of DNA, RNA or Protein (EADR)

Key Molecule: hsa-mir-34 [4]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Sensitive Disease: Medulloblastoma [ICD-11: 2A00.10]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell apoptosis; Activation; hsa04210
• Cell Pathway Regulation: p53 signaling pathway; Activation; hsa04115
• In Vitro Model: UW228 cells; Brain; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_8585
• In Vitro Model: R262 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_VU83
• In Vitro Model: R300 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_VU84
• In Vitro Model: UW426 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_DH82
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: qRT-PCR
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTS assay
• Mechanism Description: The repression of MAGE-A by miR-34a results in increased expression of p53 thus lead to resistance.

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Key Molecule: Melanoma-associated antigen 12 (MAGEA12) [4]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation
• Sensitive Disease: Medulloblastoma [ICD-11: 2A00.10]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell apoptosis; Activation; hsa04210
• Cell Pathway Regulation: p53 signaling pathway; Activation; hsa04115
• In Vitro Model: UW228 cells; Brain; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_8585
• In Vitro Model: R262 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_VU83
• In Vitro Model: R300 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_VU84
• In Vitro Model: UW426 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_DH82
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blotting analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTS assay
• Mechanism Description: The repression of MAGE-A by miR-34a results in increased expression of p53 thus lead to resistance.

Key Molecule: Melanoma-associated antigen 2 (MAGEA2) [4]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation
• Sensitive Disease: Medulloblastoma [ICD-11: 2A00.10]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell apoptosis; Activation; hsa04210
• Cell Pathway Regulation: p53 signaling pathway; Activation; hsa04115
• In Vitro Model: UW228 cells; Brain; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_8585
• In Vitro Model: R262 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_VU83
• In Vitro Model: R300 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_VU84
• In Vitro Model: UW426 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_DH82
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blotting analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTS assay
• Mechanism Description: The repression of MAGE-A by miR-34a results in increased expression of p53 thus lead to resistance.

Key Molecule: Melanoma-associated antigen 3 (MAGEA3) [4]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation
• Sensitive Disease: Medulloblastoma [ICD-11: 2A00.10]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell apoptosis; Activation; hsa04210
• Cell Pathway Regulation: p53 signaling pathway; Activation; hsa04115
• In Vitro Model: UW228 cells; Brain; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_8585
• In Vitro Model: R262 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_VU83
• In Vitro Model: R300 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_VU84
• In Vitro Model: UW426 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_DH82
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blotting analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTS assay
• Mechanism Description: The repression of MAGE-A by miR-34a results in increased expression of p53 thus lead to resistance.

Key Molecule: Melanoma-associated antigen 6 (MAGEA6) [4]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation
• Sensitive Disease: Medulloblastoma [ICD-11: 2A00.10]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell apoptosis; Activation; hsa04210
• Cell Pathway Regulation: p53 signaling pathway; Activation; hsa04115
• In Vitro Model: UW228 cells; Brain; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_8585
• In Vitro Model: R262 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_VU83
• In Vitro Model: R300 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_VU84
• In Vitro Model: UW426 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_DH82
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blotting analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTS assay
• Mechanism Description: The repression of MAGE-A by miR-34a results in increased expression of p53 thus lead to resistance.

Esophageal cancer [ICD-11: 2B70]

Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Epigenetic Alteration of DNA, RNA or Protein (EADR)

Key Molecule: hsa-mir-223 [5]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Sensitive Disease: Esophageal adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2B70.2]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell apoptosis; Activation; hsa04210
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell migration; Inhibition; hsa04670
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell proliferation; Inhibition; hsa05200
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell viability; Inhibition; hsa05200
• In Vitro Model: OE33 cellss; Esophagus; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0471
• In Vitro Model: HEEpiC cells; Esophagus; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• In Vitro Model: JHesoAD1 cells; Esophagus; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_8098
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: qRT-PCR
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTS assay
• Mechanism Description: The DNA damage repair protein poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a bona fide target of miR-223, miR-223 up-regulation is also associated with reduced PARP1 transcripts, and an increased sensitivity to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (Cisplatin), Doxorubicin and Mitomycin C.

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Key Molecule: Poly[ADP-ribose] synthase 1 (PARP1) [5]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation
• Sensitive Disease: Esophageal adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2B70.2]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell migration; Activation; hsa04670
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell proliferation; Inhibition; hsa05200
• In Vitro Model: OE33 cellss; Esophagus; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0471
• In Vitro Model: HEEpiC cells; Esophagus; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• In Vitro Model: JHesoAD1 cells; Esophagus; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_8098
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Luciferase reporter assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTS assay
• Mechanism Description: The DNA damage repair protein poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a bona fide target of miR-223, miR-223 up-regulation is also associated with reduced PARP1 transcripts, and an increased sensitivity to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (Cisplatin), Doxorubicin and Mitomycin C.

Gastric cancer [ICD-11: 2B72]

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Key Molecule: Hypoxia-inducible factor 2-alpha (EPAS1) [2]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Resistant Disease: Gastric cancer [ICD-11: 2B72.1]
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: BGC-823 cells; Gastric; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_3360
• In Vitro Model: BEL-7402 cells; Liver; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_5492
• In Vitro Model: HepG2 cells; Liver; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0027
• In Vitro Model: HEK293 cells; Kidney; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0045
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blotting assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Flow cytometry assay
• Mechanism Description: Over-expression of EPAS-1 increased the expression of PXR responsive genes, enhanced the proliferation of BGC-823 cells and boosted the resistance of BGC-823 cells against the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs, e.g. Mitomycin C and Paclitaxel.EPAS-1 reduces BGC-823 cell apoptosis induced by Mitomycin C and Paclitaxel.

Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Epigenetic Alteration of DNA, RNA or Protein (EADR)

Key Molecule: hsa-mir-495 [1]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Sensitive Disease: Gastric cancer [ICD-11: 2B72.1]
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell apoptosis; Activation; hsa04210
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell proliferation; Inhibition; hsa05200
• Cell Pathway Regulation: mTOR signaling pathway; Inhibition; hsa04150
• In Vitro Model: SGC7901 cells; Gastric; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0520
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: RT-qPCR
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay; Flow cytometry assay
• Mechanism Description: The miR-495 exerts promotive effects on GC chemosensitivity via inactivation of the mTOR signaling pathway by suppressing ERBB2.

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Key Molecule: Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2 (ERBB2) [1]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation
• Sensitive Disease: Gastric cancer [ICD-11: 2B72.1]
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell apoptosis; Activation; hsa04210
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell proliferation; Inhibition; hsa05200
• Cell Pathway Regulation: mTOR signaling pathway; Inhibition; hsa04150
• In Vitro Model: SGC7901 cells; Gastric; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0520
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay; Flow cytometry assay
• Mechanism Description: The miR-495 exerts promotive effects on GC chemosensitivity via inactivation of the mTOR signaling pathway by suppressing ERBB2.

Liver cancer [ICD-11: 2C12]

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Epigenetic Alteration of DNA, RNA or Protein (EADR)

Key Molecule: hsa-mir-146a [3]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Resistant Disease: Hepatocellular carcinoma [ICD-11: 2C12.2]
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: HCC Huh-7 cells; Liver; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0336
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: qRT-PCR
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: The HCC Huh-7 cell line was treated with adramycin (ADM), cisplatin (DDP), carboplatin (CBP), mitomycin C (MMC) or vincristine (VCR) at increasing concentrations to develop drug-resistant sublines. Among these 51 upregulated and downregulated miRNAs, 12 miRNAs were upregulated and 13 miRNAs were downregulated in Huh-7/VCR. Upregulation of miR-27b, miR-181a, miR-146b-5p, miR-181d and miR-146a expression was verified using real-time RT-PCR in the parental and the five drug-resistant cell lines.

Key Molecule: hsa-miR-146b-5p [3]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Resistant Disease: Hepatocellular carcinoma [ICD-11: 2C12.2]
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: HCC Huh-7 cells; Liver; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0336
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: qRT-PCR
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: The HCC Huh-7 cell line was treated with adramycin (ADM), cisplatin (DDP), carboplatin (CBP), mitomycin C (MMC) or vincristine (VCR) at increasing concentrations to develop drug-resistant sublines. Among these 51 upregulated and downregulated miRNAs, 12 miRNAs were upregulated and 13 miRNAs were downregulated in Huh-7/VCR. Upregulation of miR-27b, miR-181a, miR-146b-5p, miR-181d and miR-146a expression was verified using real-time RT-PCR in the parental and the five drug-resistant cell lines.

Key Molecule: hsa-mir-181a [3]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Resistant Disease: Hepatocellular carcinoma [ICD-11: 2C12.2]
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: HCC Huh-7 cells; Liver; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0336
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: qRT-PCR
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: The HCC Huh-7 cell line was treated with adramycin (ADM), cisplatin (DDP), carboplatin (CBP), mitomycin C (MMC) or vincristine (VCR) at increasing concentrations to develop drug-resistant sublines. Among these 51 upregulated and downregulated miRNAs, 12 miRNAs were upregulated and 13 miRNAs were downregulated in Huh-7/VCR. Upregulation of miR-27b, miR-181a, miR-146b-5p, miR-181d and miR-146a expression was verified using real-time RT-PCR in the parental and the five drug-resistant cell lines.

Key Molecule: hsa-mir-181d [3]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Resistant Disease: Hepatocellular carcinoma [ICD-11: 2C12.2]
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: HCC Huh-7 cells; Liver; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0336
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: qRT-PCR
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: The HCC Huh-7 cell line was treated with adramycin (ADM), cisplatin (DDP), carboplatin (CBP), mitomycin C (MMC) or vincristine (VCR) at increasing concentrations to develop drug-resistant sublines. Among these 51 upregulated and downregulated miRNAs, 12 miRNAs were upregulated and 13 miRNAs were downregulated in Huh-7/VCR. Upregulation of miR-27b, miR-181a, miR-146b-5p, miR-181d and miR-146a expression was verified using real-time RT-PCR in the parental and the five drug-resistant cell lines.

Key Molecule: hsa-mir-27b [3]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Resistant Disease: Hepatocellular carcinoma [ICD-11: 2C12.2]
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: HCC Huh-7 cells; Liver; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0336
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: qRT-PCR
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: The HCC Huh-7 cell line was treated with adramycin (ADM), cisplatin (DDP), carboplatin (CBP), mitomycin C (MMC) or vincristine (VCR) at increasing concentrations to develop drug-resistant sublines. Among these 51 upregulated and downregulated miRNAs, 12 miRNAs were upregulated and 13 miRNAs were downregulated in Huh-7/VCR. Upregulation of miR-27b, miR-181a, miR-146b-5p, miR-181d and miR-146a expression was verified using real-time RT-PCR in the parental and the five drug-resistant cell lines.

Cervical cancer [ICD-11: 2C77]

Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Epigenetic Alteration of DNA, RNA or Protein (EADR)

Key Molecule: hsa-mir-145 [6]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Sensitive Disease: Cervical cancer [ICD-11: 2C77.0]
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: p53 signaling pathway; Activation; hsa04115
• In Vitro Model: C33A cells; Uterus; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_1094
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: RT-PCR; Northern blotting analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: p53 signalling pathway mediates the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy, miR-145 augments p53-mediated cytotoxic effects.

Bladder cancer [ICD-11: 2C94]

Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Epigenetic Alteration of DNA, RNA or Protein (EADR)

Key Molecule: hsa-mir-31 [7]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Sensitive Disease: Bladder urothelial carcinoma [ICD-11: 2C94.2]
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: AKT/ERK signaling pathway; Regulation; hsa04010
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell apoptosis; Activation; hsa04210
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell invasion; Inhibition; hsa05200
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell migration; Inhibition; hsa04670
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell proliferation; Inhibition; hsa05200
• In Vitro Model: 5637 cells; Bladder; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0126
• In Vitro Model: T24 cells; Bladder; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0554
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: qRT-PCR
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: miR-31 expression brings about (+) sensitivity of UBC to MMC by suppressing ITGA5 and downstream pathways.

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Key Molecule: Integrin alpha-5 (ITGA5) [7]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation
• Sensitive Disease: Bladder urothelial carcinoma [ICD-11: 2C94.2]
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: AKT/ERK signaling pathway; Regulation; hsa04010
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell apoptosis; Activation; hsa04210
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell invasion; Inhibition; hsa05200
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell migration; Inhibition; hsa04670
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell proliferation; Inhibition; hsa05200
• In Vitro Model: 5637 cells; Bladder; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0126
• In Vitro Model: T24 cells; Bladder; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0554
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: miR-31 expression brings about (+) sensitivity of UBC to MMC by suppressing ITGA5 and downstream pathways.

References

• Ref 1: MicroRNA-495 Confers Increased Sensitivity to Chemotherapeutic Agents in Gastric Cancer via the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Signaling Pathway by Interacting with Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (ERBB2). Med Sci Monit. 2018 Aug 27;24:5960-5972. doi: 10.12659/MSM.909458.
• Ref 2: Cross-talk between EPAS-1/HIF-2Alpha and PXR signaling pathway regulates multi-drug resistance of stomach cancer cell .Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2016 Mar;72:73-88. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.01.006. Epub 2016 Jan 16. 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.01.006
• Ref 3: Differential miRNA expression profiles in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and drug-resistant sublines. Oncol Rep. 2013 Feb;29(2):555-62. doi: 10.3892/or.2012.2155. Epub 2012 Nov 28.
• Ref 4: miR-34a confers chemosensitivity through modulation of MAGE-A and p53 in medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol. 2011 Feb;13(2):165-75. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noq179. Epub 2010 Dec 22.
• Ref 5: MicroRNA 223 is upregulated in the multistep progression of Barrett's esophagus and modulates sensitivity to chemotherapy by targeting PARP1. Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Aug 1;19(15):4067-78. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0601. Epub 2013 Jun 11.
• Ref 6: Glucocorticoid regulation of a novel HPV-E6-p53-miR-145 pathway modulates invasion and therapy resistance of cervical cancer cells. J Pathol. 2012 Oct;228(2):148-57. doi: 10.1002/path.3997. Epub 2012 Apr 18.
• Ref 7: MicroRNA-31 functions as a tumor suppressor and increases sensitivity to mitomycin-C in urothelial bladder cancer by targeting integrin Alpha5. Oncotarget. 2016 May 10;7(19):27445-57. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.8479.