Drug Information
Drug (ID: DG00301) and It's Reported Resistant Information
Name |
Amikacin
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Synonyms |
Amicacin; Amikacina; Amikacine; Amikacinum; Amikavet; Amikin; Arikace; Briclin; Kaminax; Lukadin; Mikavir; AMIKACIN SULFATE; Amikacin Base; Amikacin Dihydrate; ANTIBIOTIC BB-K8; Amiglyde-V; Amikacin & Tumor Necrosis Factor; Amikacin (USP); Amikacina [INN-Spanish]; Amikacine [INN-French]; Amikacinum [INN-Latin]; Amikin(Disulfate); Antibiotic BB-K 8; BB-K 8; BB-K8; Amiglyde-V (TN); Amikacin (USP/INN); Amikacin [USAN:BAN:INN]; O-3-Amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6))-N(sup 3)-(4-amino-L-2-hydroxybutyryl)-2-deoxy-L-streptamine; O-3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-O-(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->6))-N(3)-(4-amino-L-2-hydroxybutyryl)-2-deoxy-L-streptamine; O-3-Amino-3-deoxy-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->6)-O-[6-amino-6-deoxy-.alpha.-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)]-1-(4-amino-2-hydroxy-1-oxobutyl)-2-deoxy-D-streptamine; (2S)-4-amino-N-[(1R,2S,3S,4R,5S)-5-amino-2-(3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-4-(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-2-hydroxybutanamide; (2S)-4-amino-N-[(1R,2S,3S,4R,5S)-5-amino-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4-amino-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(aminomethyl)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-2-hydroxybutanamide; (2S)-4-amino-N-{(1R,2S,3S,4R,5S)-5-amino-2-[(3-amino-3-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-4-[(6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-3-hydroxycyclohexyl}-2-hydroxybutanamide; 1-N-(L(-)-gamma-Amino-alpha-hydroxybutyryl)kanamycin A
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Indication |
In total 2 Indication(s)
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Structure | |||||
Drug Resistance Disease(s) |
Disease(s) with Clinically Reported Resistance for This Drug
(4 diseases)
Bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z]
[2]
Escherichia coli intestinal infection [ICD-11: 1A03]
[2]
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection [ICD-11: 1B21]
[3]
Pneumonia [ICD-11: CA40]
[4]
Disease(s) with Resistance Information Validated by in-vivo Model for This Drug
(2 diseases)
Bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z]
[5]
Escherichia coli intestinal infection [ICD-11: 1A03]
[6]
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Target | Staphylococcus 30S ribosomal subunit (Stap-coc pbp2) | F4NA87_STAAU | [1] | ||
Click to Show/Hide the Molecular Information and External Link(s) of This Drug | |||||
Formula |
C22H43N5O13
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IsoSMILES |
C1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]1NC(=O)[C@H](CCN)O)O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)N)O)O)O[C@@H]3[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)CN)O)O)O)N
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InChI |
1S/C22H43N5O13/c23-2-1-8(29)20(36)27-7-3-6(25)18(39-22-16(34)15(33)13(31)9(4-24)37-22)17(35)19(7)40-21-14(32)11(26)12(30)10(5-28)38-21/h6-19,21-22,28-35H,1-5,23-26H2,(H,27,36)/t6-,7+,8-,9+,10+,11-,12+,13+,14+,15-,16+,17-,18+,19-,21+,22+/m0/s1
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InChIKey |
LKCWBDHBTVXHDL-RMDFUYIESA-N
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PubChem CID | |||||
ChEBI ID | |||||
TTD Drug ID | |||||
INTEDE ID | |||||
DrugBank ID |
Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Drug
ADTT: Aberration of the Drug's Therapeutic Target
DISM: Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification
IDUE: Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux
UAPP: Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Diseases
ICD-01: Infectious/parasitic diseases
Bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z]
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms | ||||
Aberration of the Drug's Therapeutic Target (ADTT) | ||||
Key Molecule: 16S rRNA (guanine(1405)-N(7))-methyltransferase (RMTA) | [7] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Intergeneric lateral gene transfer |
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Resistant Disease | Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Pseudomonas aeruginosa AR-2 | 287 | ||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
PCR screening assay | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Agar dilution method assay | |||
Mechanism Description | The 16S rRNA methylase gene has undergone intergeneric horizontal gene transfer from some aminoglycoside producing microorganisms to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is called rmtA. rmtA protect bacterial 16S rRNA from intrinsic aminoglycosides by methylation. | |||
Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM) | ||||
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside N(6')-acetyltransferase type 1 (A6AC1) | [8] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Up-regulation |
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Resistant Disease | Bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 | 208964 | ||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Nk0001 | 287 | |||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Nk0002 | 287 | |||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Nk0003 | 287 | |||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Nk0004 | 287 | |||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Nk0005 | 287 | |||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Nk0006 | 287 | |||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Nk0007 | 287 | |||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Nk0008 | 287 | |||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Nk0009 | 287 | |||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
Whole genome sequence assay; Allelic frequency measurement assay | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Micro-dilution method assay | |||
Mechanism Description | Recombinant AAC(6')-Iag protein showed aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase activity using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and MS spectrometric analysis. Escherichia coli carrying aac(6')-Iag showed resistance to amikacin, arbekacin, dibekacin, isepamicin, kanamycin, sisomicin, and tobramycin; but not to gentamicin.AAC(6')-Iag is a functional acetyltransferase that modifies alternate amino groups on the AGs. | |||
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AAC) | [9] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Inherence |
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Resistant Disease | Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Escherichia coli DH5alpha | 668369 | ||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
PCR mapping and sequencing assay | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Macrodilution broth method assay | |||
Mechanism Description | Aac(3)-Ic gene could contribute to aminoglycoside resistance with a pattern typical of AAC(3)-I enzymes. | |||
Key Molecule: Acetylpolyamine amidohydrolase (APAH) | [2] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Inherence |
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Resistant Disease | Achromobacter xylosoxydans infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Escherichia coli | 668369 | ||
Achromobacter xylosoxydans subsp. denitrificans AX-22 | 85698 | |||
Escherichia coli MkD-135 | 562 | |||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145/3 | 287 | |||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
DNA extraction and Sequencing assay | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Macrodilution broth method assay | |||
Mechanism Description | The aphA15 gene is the first example of an aph-like gene carried on a mobile gene cassette, and its product exhibits close similarity to the APH(3')-IIa aminoglycoside phosphotransferase encoded by Tn5 (36% amino acid identity) and to an APH(3')-IIb enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38% amino acid identity). Expression of the cloned aphA15 gene in Escherichia coli reduced the susceptibility to kanamycin and neomycin as well as (slightly) to amikacin, netilmicin, and streptomycin. | |||
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase (A3AP) | [5] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Inherence |
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Resistant Disease | Streptococcus faecalis infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z] | |||
Experimental Note | Discovered Using In-vivo Testing Model | |||
In Vitro Model | Escherichia coli strain JM 10 | 562 | ||
Escherichia coli strain k802 | 562 | |||
Streptococcus faecnlis strain JHZ-15 | 1351 | |||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
Chemical sequencing method assay | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Disc sensitivity tests assay | |||
Mechanism Description | Strain BM2182 was examined for aminoglyco- side-modifying activities. That kanamycin B was modified and tobramycin (3'-deoxykanamycin B) was not, indicates that the 3'-hydroxyl group is the site of phosphorylation. That butirosin, lividomycin A, and amikacin were phosphorylated indicates that the enzyme is APH-III. | |||
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase (A3AP) | [10] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Inherence |
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Resistant Disease | Serratia marcescens infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Escherichia coli C41(DE3) | 469008 | ||
Escherichia coli DH5alpha | 668369 | |||
Escherichia coli Ecmrs144 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli Ecmrs150 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli Ecmrs151 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain 83-125 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain 83-75 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain JM83 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain JM83(pRPG101) | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain M8820Mu | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain MC1065 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain MC1065(pRPG101) | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain POII1681 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain PRC930(pAO43::Tn9O3) | 562 | |||
Klebsiella pneumoniae strains | 573 | |||
Serratia marcescens strains | 615 | |||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
Restriction enzyme treating assay | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Cation-supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth assay; agar dilution with MH agar assay | |||
Mechanism Description | Clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens at a hospital that had used amikacin as its principal aminoglycoside for the preceding 42 months demonstrated high-level resistance to amikacin (greater than or equal to 256 micrograms/ml), kanamycin (greater than or equal to 256 micrograms/ml), gentamicin (greater than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml), netilmicin (64 micrograms/ml), and tobramycin (greater than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml). The clinical isolates and transformants produced a novel 3'-phosphotransferase, APH(3'), that modified amikacin and kanamycin in vitro. | |||
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside N(3)-acetyltransferase III (A3AC3) | [11], [12] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Inherence |
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Resistant Disease | Bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Escherichia coli strain DH5a | 668369 | ||
Serratia marcescens strain 82041944 | 615 | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Broth microdilution method assay | |||
Mechanism Description | The AAC(3)-V resistance mechanism is characterized by high-level resistance to the aminoglycosides gentamicin, netilmicin, 2'-N-ethylnetilmicin, and 6'-N-ethylnetilmicin and moderate resistance levels to tobramycin. | |||
Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE) | ||||
Key Molecule: TolC family outer membrane protein (TOLC) | [1] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Up-regulation |
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Resistant Disease | Bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Acinetobacter baumannii AYE WT | 509173 | ||
Acinetobacter baumannii AYE detaabuO | 509173 | |||
Acinetobacter baumannii AYE detaabuO Omega abuO | 509173 | |||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
Whole genome sequence assay | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Disk diffusion test assay; E-strip test assay | |||
Mechanism Description | AbuO, an OMP, confers broad-spectrum antimicrobial resistance via active efflux in A. baumannii. |
Escherichia coli intestinal infection [ICD-11: 1A03]
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms | ||||
Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM) | ||||
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AAC) | [13] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Inherence |
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Resistant Disease | Escherichia coli infection [ICD-11: 1A03.0] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Escherichia coli DH5alpha | 668369 | ||
Escherichia coli SCH92111602 | 562 | |||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
Dot blot hybridizations assay | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Standard broth microdilution method assay | |||
Mechanism Description | Escherichia coli SCH92111602 expresses an aminoglycoside resistance profile similar to that conferred by the aac(6')-Ie-aph(2")-Ia gene found in gram-positive cocci and was found to contain the aminoglycoside resistance genes aph(2")-Ib and aac(6')-Im (only 44 nucleotides apart). SCH92111602 is an Escherichia coli clinical isolate resistant to a number of aminoglycoside antibiotics, including gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin, and contains an approximately 50-kb plasmid. | |||
Key Molecule: Acetylpolyamine amidohydrolase (APAH) | [2] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Acquired |
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Resistant Disease | Escherichia coli infection [ICD-11: 1A03.0] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Escherichia coli | 668369 | ||
Achromobacter xylosoxydans subsp. denitrificans AX-22 | 85698 | |||
Escherichia coli MkD-135 | 562 | |||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145/3 | 287 | |||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
DNA extraction and Sequencing assay | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Macrodilution broth method assay | |||
Mechanism Description | The aphA15 gene is the first example of an aph-like gene carried on a mobile gene cassette, and its product exhibits close similarity to the APH(3')-IIa aminoglycoside phosphotransferase encoded by Tn5 (36% amino acid identity) and to an APH(3')-IIb enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38% amino acid identity). Expression of the cloned aphA15 gene in Escherichia coli reduced the susceptibility to kanamycin and neomycin as well as (slightly) to amikacin, netilmicin, and streptomycin. | |||
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside 2'-N-acetyltransferase (A2NA) | [6] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Acquired |
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Resistant Disease | Escherichia coli infection [ICD-11: 1A03.0] | |||
Experimental Note | Discovered Using In-vivo Testing Model | |||
In Vitro Model | Escherichia coli strain DH5a | 668369 | ||
Escherichia coli strain XLI-Blue | 562 | |||
Providencia stuartii strain PR50 | 588 | |||
Providencia stuartii strain SCH75082831A | 588 | |||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
DNA sequencing assay | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Microdilution plates assay | |||
Mechanism Description | E.coli DH5alpha/pR 1000 demonstrated an AAC(2')-Ia resistance profile,with gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, and 6'-Nethylnetilmicin MICs increased over those seen with E.coli DH5alpha. In addition, E.coli DH5alpha/pR 1000 did not show an elevated 2'-N-ethylnetilmicin MIC (MIC was 0.25ug/ml). Therefore, pR1000 encoded an enzyme capable of acetylating 6'-N-ethylnetilmicin but not 2'-N-ethylnetilmicin, suggesting 2'-N-acetyltransferase activity. DH5alpha/pSCH4500, which contains a subcloned 1.3-kb fragment, also demonstrated an AAC(2')-Ia resistance profile. | |||
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase (A3AP) | [10] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Acquired |
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Resistant Disease | Escherichia coli infection [ICD-11: 1A03.0] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Escherichia coli C41(DE3) | 469008 | ||
Escherichia coli DH5alpha | 668369 | |||
Escherichia coli Ecmrs144 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli Ecmrs150 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli Ecmrs151 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain 83-125 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain 83-75 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain JM83 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain JM83(pRPG101) | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain M8820Mu | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain MC1065 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain MC1065(pRPG101) | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain POII1681 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain PRC930(pAO43::Tn9O3) | 562 | |||
Klebsiella pneumoniae strains | 573 | |||
Serratia marcescens strains | 615 | |||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
Restriction enzyme treating assay | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Cation-supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth assay; agar dilution with MH agar assay | |||
Mechanism Description | The resistant strains contained an identical 6.8-kilobase plasmid, pRPG101. Transformation of pRPG101 into Escherichia coli produced high-level resistance to amikacin (greater than or equal to 256 micrograms/ml) and kanamycin (greater than or equal to 256 micrograms/ml) but unchanged susceptibilities to gentamicin, netilmicin, and tobramycin. The clinical isolates and transformants produced a novel 3'-phosphotransferase, APH(3'), that modified amikacin and kanamycin in vitro. | |||
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase (A3AP) | [14] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Acquired |
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Resistant Disease | Escherichia coli infection [ICD-11: 1A03.0] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Escherichia coli strain HB101 | 634468 | ||
Acinetobacter baumannii strain BM2580 | 470 | |||
Bacillus subtilis strain BS168 | 1423 | |||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
SDS-PAGE assay | |||
Mechanism Description | The shuttle piasmid pAT239 was constructed by inserting the H/ndlll-linearized staphyococcal piasmid pC194 into the unique H/ndlll site of pAT235. This piasmid, which confers resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and kanamycin in Escherichia coli, was introduced by transformation into Bacillus subtilis strain BS168. |
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection [ICD-11: 1B21]
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms | ||||
Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM) | ||||
Key Molecule: OXA-23 carbapenemase (BLA OXA-23) | [3] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Up-regulation |
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Resistant Disease | Cutaneous bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1B21.4] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Acinetobacter baumannii isolates | 470 | ||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
qRT-PCR | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Broth microdilution method assay; Agar dilution method assay | |||
Mechanism Description | The isolate was resistant to antibiotics other than ampicillin-sulbactam and colistin, suggesting drug resistance due to carbapenemase production by OXA-23.carbapenem resistance in the isolated carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strain was at least partially conferred by bla OXA-23-like carbapenemase. |
ICD-12: Respiratory system diseases
Pneumonia [ICD-11: CA40]
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms | ||||
Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM) | ||||
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase (A3AP) | [10] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Inherence |
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Resistant Disease | Klebsiella pneumoniae infection [ICD-11: CA40.1] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Escherichia coli C41(DE3) | 469008 | ||
Escherichia coli DH5alpha | 668369 | |||
Escherichia coli Ecmrs144 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli Ecmrs150 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli Ecmrs151 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain 83-125 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain 83-75 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain JM83 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain JM83(pRPG101) | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain M8820Mu | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain MC1065 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain MC1065(pRPG101) | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain POII1681 | 562 | |||
Escherichia coli strain PRC930(pAO43::Tn9O3) | 562 | |||
Klebsiella pneumoniae strains | 573 | |||
Serratia marcescens strains | 615 | |||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
Restriction enzyme treating assay | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Cation-supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth assay; agar dilution with MH agar assay | |||
Mechanism Description | Clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens at a hospital that had used amikacin as its principal aminoglycoside for the preceding 42 months demonstrated high-level resistance to amikacin (greater than or equal to 256 micrograms/ml), kanamycin (greater than or equal to 256 micrograms/ml), gentamicin (greater than or equal to 64 micrograms/ml), netilmicin (64 micrograms/ml), and tobramycin (greater than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml). The clinical isolates and transformants produced a novel 3'-phosphotransferase, APH(3'), that modified amikacin and kanamycin in vitro. | |||
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase (A3AP) | [14] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Inherence |
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Resistant Disease | Acinetobacter baumannii infection [ICD-11: CA40.4] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Escherichia coli strain HB101 | 634468 | ||
Acinetobacter baumannii strain BM2580 | 470 | |||
Bacillus subtilis strain BS168 | 1423 | |||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
Amino acid sequence comparison assay | |||
Mechanism Description | Resistance to aminogiycosides in Aeinetobaeter is widespread and is mainly the result of the production of enzymes which modify the antibiotics. The enzymes beiong to three ciasses: phosphotransferases (APH), acetyltransferases (AAC). A. baumahnii strain BM2580, a representative of one of these epidemics, was shown to synthesize a 3'-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase. Substrate specificity and DNA annealing studies indicated that the isozyme in A. baumannii was of a new type, designated APH(3')-VI. | |||
Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE) | ||||
Key Molecule: Multidrug efflux SMR transporter (ABES) | [4] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Inherence |
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Resistant Disease | Acinetobacter baumannii infection [ICD-11: CA40.4] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Escherichia coli kAM32 | 562 | ||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
Fluorometric efflux assay | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Broth dilution assay | |||
Mechanism Description | The abeS gene product conferred resistance to various antimicrobial compounds through an efflux mechanism. |
ICD-16: Genitourinary system diseases
Urinary tract infection [ICD-11: GC08]
Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms | ||||
Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM) | ||||
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside (3'') (9) adenylyltransferase (AADA) | [15] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Inherence |
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Sensitive Disease | Urinary tract infection [ICD-11: GC08.1] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Escherichia coli serogroup O11 | 1095705 | ||
Escherichia coli serogroup O17 | 1010800 | |||
Escherichia coli serogroup O73 | 2170725 | |||
Escherichia coli serogroup O77 | 562 | |||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
PCR amplification and sequence alignments assay | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Microdilution method assay | |||
Mechanism Description | All the UTI outbreak CgA strains in this study contained the same class 1 integron dfrA17-aadA5 gene cassette arrangement with 100% sequence match, suggesting clonal spread of the bacterial strain itself. While aminoglycoside adenyltransferase A (aadA ) and dihydrofolate reductase A (dfrA ), encoding resistance to streptomycin and trimethoprim. | |||
Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) | ||||
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) | [15] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Inherence |
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Sensitive Disease | Urinary tract infection [ICD-11: GC08.1] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Escherichia coli serogroup O11 | 1095705 | ||
Escherichia coli serogroup O17 | 1010800 | |||
Escherichia coli serogroup O73 | 2170725 | |||
Escherichia coli serogroup O77 | 562 | |||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
PCR amplification and sequence alignments assay | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Microdilution method assay | |||
Mechanism Description | All the UTI outbreak CgA strains in this study contained the same class 1 integron dfrA17-aadA5 gene cassette arrangement with 100% sequence match, suggesting clonal spread of the bacterial strain itself. While aminoglycoside adenyltransferase A (aadA ) and dihydrofolate reductase A (dfrA ), encoding resistance to streptomycin and trimethoprim. | |||
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) | [15] | |||
Molecule Alteration | Expression | Inherence |
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Sensitive Disease | Urinary tract infection [ICD-11: GC08.1] | |||
Experimental Note | Identified from the Human Clinical Data | |||
In Vitro Model | Escherichia coli serogroup O11 | 1095705 | ||
Escherichia coli serogroup O17 | 1010800 | |||
Escherichia coli serogroup O73 | 2170725 | |||
Escherichia coli serogroup O77 | 562 | |||
Experiment for Molecule Alteration |
PCR amplification and sequence alignments assay | |||
Experiment for Drug Resistance |
Microdilution method assay | |||
Mechanism Description | All the UTI outbreak CgA strains in this study contained the same class 1 integron dfrA17-aadA5 gene cassette arrangement with 100% sequence match, suggesting clonal spread of the bacterial strain itself. While aminoglycoside adenyltransferase A (aadA ) and dihydrofolate reductase A (dfrA ), encoding resistance to streptomycin and trimethoprim. |
References
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