Molecule Information

General Information of the Molecule (ID: Mol01194)

• Name: Acetylpolyamine amidohydrolase (APAH) ,Achromobacter xylosoxydanssubsp.denitrificans
• Molecule Type: Protein
• Gene Name: aphA15
• Sequence:
  MTVALDEVSELKNLLSPLLDECTFEEVEYGQSDARVIRVLFPDRNTAYLKYASGSSAQEI
  LQEHQRTRWLRTRALVPEVISYVSTSTVTILLTKALIGHNAADAADADPVIVVAEMARAL
  RDLHSISPDDCPFDERLHLRLKLASGRLEAGLVDEEDFDHARQGMLARDVYEQLFIQMPG
  AEQLVVTHGDACPENFIFQGNAFVGFIDCGRVGLADKYQDLALASRNIDAVFGPELTNQF
  FIEYGEPNPNIAKIEYYRILDEFF

Kingdom: N.A.
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Betaproteobacteria
Order: Burkholderiales
Family: Alcaligenaceae
Genus: Achromobacter
Species: Achromobacter denitrificans

Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Molecule

  DISM: Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Drug

Approved Drug(s) 7 drug(s) in total

Amikacin

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM)

Disease Class: Achromobacter xylosoxydans infection [1]

• Resistant Disease: Achromobacter xylosoxydans infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z]
• Resistant Drug: Amikacin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Inherence
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli; 668369
• In Vitro Model: Achromobacter xylosoxydans subsp. denitrificans AX-22; 85698
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli MkD-135; 562
• In Vitro Model: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145/3; 287
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: DNA extraction and Sequencing assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Macrodilution broth method assay
• Mechanism Description: The aphA15 gene is the first example of an aph-like gene carried on a mobile gene cassette, and its product exhibits close similarity to the APH(3')-IIa aminoglycoside phosphotransferase encoded by Tn5 (36% amino acid identity) and to an APH(3')-IIb enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38% amino acid identity). Expression of the cloned aphA15 gene in Escherichia coli reduced the susceptibility to kanamycin and neomycin as well as (slightly) to amikacin, netilmicin, and streptomycin.

Disease Class: Escherichia coli infection [1]

• Resistant Disease: Escherichia coli infection [ICD-11: 1A03.0]
• Resistant Drug: Amikacin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Acquired
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli; 668369
• In Vitro Model: Achromobacter xylosoxydans subsp. denitrificans AX-22; 85698
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli MkD-135; 562
• In Vitro Model: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145/3; 287
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: DNA extraction and Sequencing assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Macrodilution broth method assay
• Mechanism Description: The aphA15 gene is the first example of an aph-like gene carried on a mobile gene cassette, and its product exhibits close similarity to the APH(3')-IIa aminoglycoside phosphotransferase encoded by Tn5 (36% amino acid identity) and to an APH(3')-IIb enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38% amino acid identity). Expression of the cloned aphA15 gene in Escherichia coli reduced the susceptibility to kanamycin and neomycin as well as (slightly) to amikacin, netilmicin, and streptomycin.

Framycetin

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM)

Disease Class: Escherichia coli infection [1]

• Resistant Disease: Escherichia coli infection [ICD-11: 1A03.0]
• Resistant Drug: Framycetin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Acquired
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli; 668369
• In Vitro Model: Achromobacter xylosoxydans subsp. denitrificans AX-22; 85698
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli MkD-135; 562
• In Vitro Model: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145/3; 287
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: DNA extraction and Sequencing assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Macrodilution broth method assay
• Mechanism Description: The aphA15 gene is the first example of an aph-like gene carried on a mobile gene cassette, and its product exhibits close similarity to the APH(3')-IIa aminoglycoside phosphotransferase encoded by Tn5 (36% amino acid identity) and to an APH(3')-IIb enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38% amino acid identity). Expression of the cloned aphA15 gene in Escherichia coli reduced the susceptibility to kanamycin and neomycin as well as (slightly) to amikacin, netilmicin, and streptomycin.

Gentamicin

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM)

Disease Class: Achromobacter xylosoxydans infection [1]

• Resistant Disease: Achromobacter xylosoxydans infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z]
• Resistant Drug: Gentamicin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Inherence
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli; 668369
• In Vitro Model: Achromobacter xylosoxydans subsp. denitrificans AX-22; 85698
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli MkD-135; 562
• In Vitro Model: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145/3; 287
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: DNA extraction and Sequencing assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Macrodilution broth method assay
• Mechanism Description: The aphA15 gene is the first example of an aph-like gene carried on a mobile gene cassette, and its product exhibits close similarity to the APH(3')-IIa aminoglycoside phosphotransferase encoded by Tn5 (36% amino acid identity) and to an APH(3')-IIb enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38% amino acid identity). Expression of the cloned aphA15 gene in Escherichia coli reduced the susceptibility to kanamycin and neomycin as well as (slightly) to amikacin, netilmicin, and streptomycin.

Kanamycin

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM)

Disease Class: Escherichia coli infection [1]

• Resistant Disease: Escherichia coli infection [ICD-11: 1A03.0]
• Resistant Drug: Kanamycin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Acquired
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli; 668369
• In Vitro Model: Achromobacter xylosoxydans subsp. denitrificans AX-22; 85698
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli MkD-135; 562
• In Vitro Model: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145/3; 287
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: DNA extraction and Sequencing assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Macrodilution broth method assay
• Mechanism Description: The aphA15 gene is the first example of an aph-like gene carried on a mobile gene cassette, and its product exhibits close similarity to the APH(3')-IIa aminoglycoside phosphotransferase encoded by Tn5 (36% amino acid identity) and to an APH(3')-IIb enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38% amino acid identity). Expression of the cloned aphA15 gene in Escherichia coli reduced the susceptibility to kanamycin and neomycin as well as (slightly) to amikacin, netilmicin, and streptomycin.

Netilmicin

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM)

Disease Class: Achromobacter xylosoxydans infection [1]

• Resistant Disease: Achromobacter xylosoxydans infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z]
• Resistant Drug: Netilmicin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Inherence
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli; 668369
• In Vitro Model: Achromobacter xylosoxydans subsp. denitrificans AX-22; 85698
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli MkD-135; 562
• In Vitro Model: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145/3; 287
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: DNA extraction and Sequencing assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Macrodilution broth method assay
• Mechanism Description: The aphA15 gene is the first example of an aph-like gene carried on a mobile gene cassette, and its product exhibits close similarity to the APH(3')-IIa aminoglycoside phosphotransferase encoded by Tn5 (36% amino acid identity) and to an APH(3')-IIb enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38% amino acid identity). Expression of the cloned aphA15 gene in Escherichia coli reduced the susceptibility to kanamycin and neomycin as well as (slightly) to amikacin, netilmicin, and streptomycin.

Disease Class: Escherichia coli infection [1]

• Resistant Disease: Escherichia coli infection [ICD-11: 1A03.0]
• Resistant Drug: Netilmicin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Acquired
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli; 668369
• In Vitro Model: Achromobacter xylosoxydans subsp. denitrificans AX-22; 85698
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli MkD-135; 562
• In Vitro Model: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145/3; 287
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: DNA extraction and Sequencing assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Macrodilution broth method assay
• Mechanism Description: The aphA15 gene is the first example of an aph-like gene carried on a mobile gene cassette, and its product exhibits close similarity to the APH(3')-IIa aminoglycoside phosphotransferase encoded by Tn5 (36% amino acid identity) and to an APH(3')-IIb enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38% amino acid identity). Expression of the cloned aphA15 gene in Escherichia coli reduced the susceptibility to kanamycin and neomycin as well as (slightly) to amikacin, netilmicin, and streptomycin.

Streptomycin

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM)

Disease Class: Escherichia coli infection [1]

• Resistant Disease: Escherichia coli infection [ICD-11: 1A03.0]
• Resistant Drug: Streptomycin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Acquired
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli; 668369
• In Vitro Model: Achromobacter xylosoxydans subsp. denitrificans AX-22; 85698
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli MkD-135; 562
• In Vitro Model: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145/3; 287
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: DNA extraction and Sequencing assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Macrodilution broth method assay
• Mechanism Description: The aphA15 gene is the first example of an aph-like gene carried on a mobile gene cassette, and its product exhibits close similarity to the APH(3')-IIa aminoglycoside phosphotransferase encoded by Tn5 (36% amino acid identity) and to an APH(3')-IIb enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38% amino acid identity). Expression of the cloned aphA15 gene in Escherichia coli reduced the susceptibility to kanamycin and neomycin as well as (slightly) to amikacin, netilmicin, and streptomycin.

Tobramycin

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM)

Disease Class: Achromobacter xylosoxydans infection [1]

• Resistant Disease: Achromobacter xylosoxydans infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z]
• Resistant Drug: Tobramycin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Inherence
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli; 668369
• In Vitro Model: Achromobacter xylosoxydans subsp. denitrificans AX-22; 85698
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli MkD-135; 562
• In Vitro Model: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10145/3; 287
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: DNA extraction and Sequencing assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Macrodilution broth method assay
• Mechanism Description: The aphA15 gene is the first example of an aph-like gene carried on a mobile gene cassette, and its product exhibits close similarity to the APH(3')-IIa aminoglycoside phosphotransferase encoded by Tn5 (36% amino acid identity) and to an APH(3')-IIb enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38% amino acid identity). Expression of the cloned aphA15 gene in Escherichia coli reduced the susceptibility to kanamycin and neomycin as well as (slightly) to amikacin, netilmicin, and streptomycin.

References

• Ref 1: In70 of plasmid pAX22, a bla(VIM-1)-containing integron carrying a new aminoglycoside phosphotransferase gene cassette. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Apr;45(4):1249-53. doi: 10.1128/AAC.45.4.1249-1253.2001.