Disease Information

General Information of the Disease (ID: DIS00100)
Name
Retina cancer
ICD
ICD-11: 2D02
Resistance Map
Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Disease
  EADR: Epigenetic Alteration of DNA, RNA or Protein
  IDUE: Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux
  UAPP: Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Drug
Approved Drug(s)
7 drug(s) in total
Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drugs
Etoposide
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
  Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: ATP-binding cassette sub-family G2 (ABCG2) [1]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Etoposide
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Down-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Differential expression of the molecule in resistant disease
Classification of Disease Retina cancer [ICD-11: 2D02]
The Specified Disease Retinoblastoma tumor
The Studied Tissue Uvea
The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue
p-value: 1.43E-02
Fold-change: -1.35E-01
Z-score: -2.66E+00
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
Cell proliferation Inhibition hsa05200
In Vitro Model WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
In Vivo Model Nude mouse xenograft model Mus musculus
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 Western blot analysis
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 CCK8 assay
Mechanism Description Silencing of ABCG2 by MicroRNA-3163 inhibits multidrug resistance in retinoblastoma cancer stem cells.
  Epigenetic Alteration of DNA, RNA or Protein (EADR) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: hsa-mir-34 [2]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Etoposide
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
MAGE-A/p53 signaling pathway Regulation N.A.
In Vitro Model HXO-Rb44 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_D542
SO-Rb50 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_D543
WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
Y79 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1893
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 RT-qPCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Freedom Evolyzer-2200 Enzyme-Linked Immunometric meter; Flow cytometry assay
Mechanism Description miR-34a may function as a tumor suppressor for RB by targeting MAGE-A and upregulating p53 expression to enhance cell apoptosis and chemosensitivity (Carboplatin; Etoposide; Adriamycin; vincristine).
Key Molecule: hsa-miR-3163 [1]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Etoposide
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
Cell proliferation Inhibition hsa05200
In Vitro Model WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 RT-PCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 CCK8 assay
Mechanism Description Silencing of ABCG2 by MicroRNA-3163 inhibits multidrug resistance in retinoblastoma cancer stem cells.
  Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Melanoma antigen A 4 (MAGE4) [2]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Etoposide
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
MAGE-A/p53 signaling pathway Regulation N.A.
In Vitro Model HXO-Rb44 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_D542
SO-Rb50 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_D543
WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
Y79 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1893
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 Western blot analysis; RT-qPCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Freedom Evolyzer-2200 Enzyme-Linked Immunometric meter; Flow cytometry assay
Mechanism Description miR-34a may function as a tumor suppressor for RB by targeting MAGE-A and upregulating p53 expression to enhance cell apoptosis and chemosensitivity (Carboplatin; Etoposide; Adriamycin; vincristine).
Carboplatin
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
  Epigenetic Alteration of DNA, RNA or Protein (EADR) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: hsa-mir-34 [2]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Carboplatin
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
MAGE-A/p53 signaling pathway Regulation N.A.
In Vitro Model HXO-Rb44 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_D542
SO-Rb50 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_D543
WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
Y79 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1893
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 RT-qPCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Freedom Evolyzer-2200 Enzyme-Linked Immunometric meter; Flow cytometry assay
Mechanism Description miR-34a may function as a tumor suppressor for RB by targeting MAGE-A and upregulating p53 expression to enhance cell apoptosis and chemosensitivity (Carboplatin; Etoposide; Adriamycin; vincristine).
Key Molecule: hsa-miR-3163 [1]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Carboplatin
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
Cell proliferation Inhibition hsa05200
In Vitro Model WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 RT-PCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 CCK8 assay
Mechanism Description Silencing of ABCG2 by MicroRNA-3163 inhibits multidrug resistance in retinoblastoma cancer stem cells.
  Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: ATP-binding cassette sub-family G2 (ABCG2) [1]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Carboplatin
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Down-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
Cell proliferation Inhibition hsa05200
In Vitro Model WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
In Vivo Model Nude mouse xenograft model Mus musculus
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 Western blot analysis
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 CCK8 assay
Mechanism Description Silencing of ABCG2 by MicroRNA-3163 inhibits multidrug resistance in retinoblastoma cancer stem cells.
  Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Melanoma antigen A 4 (MAGE4) [2]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Carboplatin
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
MAGE-A/p53 signaling pathway Regulation N.A.
In Vitro Model HXO-Rb44 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_D542
SO-Rb50 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_D543
WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
Y79 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1893
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 Western blot analysis; RT-qPCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Freedom Evolyzer-2200 Enzyme-Linked Immunometric meter; Flow cytometry assay
Mechanism Description miR-34a may function as a tumor suppressor for RB by targeting MAGE-A and upregulating p53 expression to enhance cell apoptosis and chemosensitivity (Carboplatin; Etoposide; Adriamycin; vincristine).
Cisplatin
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
  Epigenetic Alteration of DNA, RNA or Protein (EADR) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: hsa-miR-3163 [1]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Cisplatin
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
Cell proliferation Inhibition hsa05200
In Vitro Model WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 RT-PCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 CCK8 assay
Mechanism Description Silencing of ABCG2 by MicroRNA-3163 inhibits multidrug resistance in retinoblastoma cancer stem cells.
  Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: ATP-binding cassette sub-family G2 (ABCG2) [1]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Cisplatin
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Down-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
Cell proliferation Inhibition hsa05200
In Vitro Model WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
In Vivo Model Nude mouse xenograft model Mus musculus
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 Western blot analysis
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 CCK8 assay
Mechanism Description Silencing of ABCG2 by MicroRNA-3163 inhibits multidrug resistance in retinoblastoma cancer stem cells.
Doxorubicin
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
  Epigenetic Alteration of DNA, RNA or Protein (EADR) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: hsa-mir-34 [2]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Doxorubicin
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
MAGE-A/p53 signaling pathway Regulation N.A.
In Vitro Model HXO-Rb44 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_D542
SO-Rb50 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_D543
WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
Y79 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1893
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 RT-qPCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Freedom Evolyzer-2200 Enzyme-Linked Immunometric meter; Flow cytometry assay
Mechanism Description miR-34a may function as a tumor suppressor for RB by targeting MAGE-A and upregulating p53 expression to enhance cell apoptosis and chemosensitivity (Carboplatin; Etoposide; Adriamycin; vincristine).
Key Molecule: hsa-miR-3163 [1]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Doxorubicin
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
Cell proliferation Inhibition hsa05200
In Vitro Model WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 RT-PCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 CCK8 assay
Mechanism Description Silencing of ABCG2 by MicroRNA-3163 inhibits multidrug resistance in retinoblastoma cancer stem cells.
  Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: ATP-binding cassette sub-family G2 (ABCG2) [1]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Doxorubicin
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Down-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
Cell proliferation Inhibition hsa05200
In Vitro Model WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
In Vivo Model Nude mouse xenograft model Mus musculus
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 Western blot analysis
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 CCK8 assay
Mechanism Description Silencing of ABCG2 by MicroRNA-3163 inhibits multidrug resistance in retinoblastoma cancer stem cells.
  Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Melanoma antigen A 4 (MAGE4) [2]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Doxorubicin
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
MAGE-A/p53 signaling pathway Regulation N.A.
In Vitro Model HXO-Rb44 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_D542
SO-Rb50 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_D543
WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
Y79 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1893
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 Western blot analysis; RT-qPCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Freedom Evolyzer-2200 Enzyme-Linked Immunometric meter; Flow cytometry assay
Mechanism Description miR-34a may function as a tumor suppressor for RB by targeting MAGE-A and upregulating p53 expression to enhance cell apoptosis and chemosensitivity (Carboplatin; Etoposide; Adriamycin; vincristine).
Melphalan
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
  Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: ATP-binding cassette sub-family G2 (ABCG2) [3]
Resistant Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Resistant Drug Melphalan
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Discovered Using In-vivo Testing Model
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 qRT-PCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 MTT assay
Mechanism Description Similar Genomic Alterations but Distinctive Expression of Influx/Efflux Transporters Between Chemoresistant and Parental Cells
Key Molecule: Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) [3]
Resistant Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Resistant Drug Melphalan
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Discovered Using In-vivo Testing Model
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 qRT-PCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 MTT assay
Mechanism Description Similar Genomic Alterations but Distinctive Expression of Influx/Efflux Transporters Between Chemoresistant and Parental Cells
Key Molecule: Multidrug resistance protein 1 (ABCB1) [3]
Resistant Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Resistant Drug Melphalan
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Discovered Using In-vivo Testing Model
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 qRT-PCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 MTT assay
Mechanism Description Similar Genomic Alterations but Distinctive Expression of Influx/Efflux Transporters Between Chemoresistant and Parental Cells
Topotecan
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
  Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: ATP-binding cassette sub-family G2 (ABCG2) [3]
Resistant Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Resistant Drug Topotecan
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Discovered Using In-vivo Testing Model
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 qRT-PCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 MTT assay
Mechanism Description Similar Genomic Alterations but Distinctive Expression of Influx/Efflux Transporters Between Chemoresistant and Parental Cells
Key Molecule: Multidrug resistance protein 1 (ABCB1) [3]
Resistant Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Resistant Drug Topotecan
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Down-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Discovered Using In-vivo Testing Model
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 qRT-PCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 MTT assay
Mechanism Description Similar Genomic Alterations but Distinctive Expression of Influx/Efflux Transporters Between Chemoresistant and Parental Cells
Key Molecule: L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1/SLC7A5) [3]
Resistant Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Resistant Drug Topotecan
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Down-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Discovered Using In-vivo Testing Model
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 qRT-PCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 MTT assay
Mechanism Description Similar Genomic Alterations but Distinctive Expression of Influx/Efflux Transporters Between Chemoresistant and Parental Cells
Vincristine
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
  Epigenetic Alteration of DNA, RNA or Protein (EADR) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: hsa-mir-34 [2]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Vincristine
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
MAGE-A/p53 signaling pathway Regulation N.A.
In Vitro Model HXO-Rb44 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_D542
SO-Rb50 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_D543
WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
Y79 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1893
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 RT-qPCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Freedom Evolyzer-2200 Enzyme-Linked Immunometric meter; Flow cytometry assay
Mechanism Description miR-34a may function as a tumor suppressor for RB by targeting MAGE-A and upregulating p53 expression to enhance cell apoptosis and chemosensitivity (Carboplatin; Etoposide; Adriamycin; vincristine).
Key Molecule: hsa-miR-3163 [1]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Vincristine
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
Cell proliferation Inhibition hsa05200
In Vitro Model WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 RT-PCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 CCK8 assay
Mechanism Description Silencing of ABCG2 by MicroRNA-3163 inhibits multidrug resistance in retinoblastoma cancer stem cells.
  Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: ATP-binding cassette sub-family G2 (ABCG2) [1]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Vincristine
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Down-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
Cell proliferation Inhibition hsa05200
In Vitro Model WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
In Vivo Model Nude mouse xenograft model Mus musculus
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 Western blot analysis
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 CCK8 assay
Mechanism Description Silencing of ABCG2 by MicroRNA-3163 inhibits multidrug resistance in retinoblastoma cancer stem cells.
  Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Melanoma antigen A 4 (MAGE4) [2]
Sensitive Disease Retinoblastoma [ICD-11: 2D02.2]
Sensitive Drug Vincristine
 Drug Info 
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
Cell Pathway Regulation Cell apoptosis Activation hsa04210
MAGE-A/p53 signaling pathway Regulation N.A.
In Vitro Model HXO-Rb44 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_D542
SO-Rb50 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_D543
WERI-Rb-1 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1792
Y79 cells Retina Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_1893
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 Western blot analysis; RT-qPCR
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Freedom Evolyzer-2200 Enzyme-Linked Immunometric meter; Flow cytometry assay
Mechanism Description miR-34a may function as a tumor suppressor for RB by targeting MAGE-A and upregulating p53 expression to enhance cell apoptosis and chemosensitivity (Carboplatin; Etoposide; Adriamycin; vincristine).
References
Ref 1 Silencing of ABCG2 by MicroRNA-3163 Inhibits Multidrug Resistance in Retinoblastoma Cancer Stem Cells. J Korean Med Sci. 2016 Jun;31(6):836-42. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.6.836. Epub 2016 Apr 20.
Ref 2 miR 34a regulates the chemosensitivity of retinoblastoma cells via modulation of MAGE A/p53 signaling. Int J Oncol. 2019 Jan;54(1):177-187. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4613. Epub 2018 Oct 31.
Ref 3 Mimicking Retinoblastoma Treatment With Repeated Topotecan or Melphalan Develops Cross-Resistance to Classic Agents But Not to Repurposed Drugs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2024 Dec 2;65(14):14.

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