Drug Information

Drug (ID: DG00416) and It's Reported Resistant Information

• Name: Homidium bromide
• Synonyms: ETHIDIUM BROMIDE; Homidium bromide; 1239-45-8; Dromilac; EtBr; 3,8-Diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridinium bromide; Ethydium bromide; 3,8-Diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridin-5-ium bromide; Phenanthridinium, 3,8-diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenyl-, bromide; 2,7-Diamino-10-ethyl-9-phenylphenanthridinium bromide; 2,7-Diamino-9-phenyl-10-ethylphenanthridinium bromide; UNII-059NUO2Z1L; MFCD00011724; 2,7-Diamino-9-phenylphenanthridine ethobromide; Ethidium bromide solution; MLS002702536; 059NUO2Z1L; CHEBI:4883; Phenanthridinium, 3,8-diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenyl-, bromide (1:1); NSC268986; NSC-268986; 5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridin-5-ium-3,8-diamine;bromide; NCGC00091387-01; NCGC00095070-01; DSSTox_CID_5258; DSSTox_RID_77719; DSSTox_GSID_25258; Homidii bromidum; CHEMBL284328; Bromure d'homidium; Bromuro de homidio; Homidium bromide [INN:BAN]; CAS-1239-45-8; Homidii bromidum [INN-Latin]; CCRIS 1017; 3,8-Diamino-1-ethyl-6-phenylphenantridinium bromide; HSDB 7297; Bromure d'homidium [INN-French]; Bromuro de homidio [INN-Spanish]; EINECS 214-984-6; 2,7-Diamino-9-Phenyl-10-Ethylphenanthridiniumbromide; NSC 268986; RD 1572; AI3-62997; Ethidium (bromide); Ethidium bromide, 98%; SCHEMBL20520; SPECTRUM1503806; Ethidium bromide, >=95.0%; SCHEMBL1505620; DTXSID8025258; HMS502O22; HMS1922I08; HMS3868D03; Pharmakon1600-01503806; Ethidium bromide, ~95% (HPLC); Ethidium bromide solution, 10mg/ml; HY-D0021; Tox21_111123; Tox21_111410; Tox21_202511; CCG-39365; NSC758630; Ethidium bromide solution 1% in H2O; Ethidium bromide solution, 10 mg/mL; AKOS015904050; Tox21_111410_1; AM84361; Ethidium bromide, electrophoresis grade; MCULE-8684380812; NSC-758630; Ethidium bromide solution, 0.625mg/ml; Ethidium bromide, for biochemistry, 98%; NCGC00091387-08; NCGC00095070-02; NCGC00260060-01; AS-79030; SMR001566146; DB-062201; E0370; FT-0614786; E-4000; F16485; Ethidium bromide, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 95%; SR-01000872761; SR-01000872761-1; Ethidium bromide, for fluorescence, >=95.0% (HPLC); Phenanthridinium,8-diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenyl-, bromide; Ethidium bromide solution, for fluorescence, ~1% in H2O; WLN: T B666 HKJ EJ H2 IR& LZ &E &9/26; Ethidium bromide, ~10 mg/tablet ethidium bromide, tablet; Ethidium bromide, BioReagent, for molecular biology, powder; J Mol Biol 13: 269 (1965); 27: 87 (1967); Ethidium bromide solution, BioReagent, for molecular biology, 10 mg/mL in H2O; Ethidium bromide solution, BioReagent, for molecular biology, 500 mug/mL in H2O
• Drug Resistance Disease(s):
  Disease(s) with Clinically Reported Resistance for This Drug (4 diseases)
  Bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z]; [1]
  Pneumonia [ICD-11: CA40]; [2]
  Salmonellosis [ICD-11: 1A09]; [3]
  Staphylococcus meningitis [ICD-11: 1B54]; [4]
• Formula: C21H20BrN3
• IsoSMILES: CC[N+]1=C2C=C(C=CC2=C3C=CC(=CC3=C1C4=CC=CC=C4)N)N.[Br-]
• InChI: 1S/C21H19N3.BrH/c1-2-24-20-13-16(23)9-11-18(20)17-10-8-15(22)12-19(17)21(24)14-6-4-3-5-7-14;/h3-13,23H,2,22H2,1H3;1H
• InChIKey: ZMMJGEGLRURXTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• PubChem CID: 14710
• VARIDT ID: DR01442

Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Drug

  IDUE: Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux

  UAPP: Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Diseases

ICD-01: Infectious/parasitic diseases

Bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z]

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)

Key Molecule: Multidrug resistance protein PmpM (PMPM) [5]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Inherence
• Resistant Disease: Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli kAM32/pSTV28; 562
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: PCR amplification and DNA sequence assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MIC assay
• Mechanism Description: PmpM is a multi drug efflux pump coupled with hydrogen ions, which reduces the intracellular drug concentration and produces drug resistance.

Key Molecule: Ethidium resistance protein (EMRE) [1]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Inherence
• Resistant Disease: Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli pXZL1582; 668369
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: PCR and DNA sequencing assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and agar dilution assay
• Mechanism Description: EmrE can pump out toxic compounds such as methyl viologen and play an important role in the intrinsic resistance of P. aeruginosa to aminoglycosides and cationic dyes.

Key Molecule: Outer membrane protein OprM (OPRM) [1]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Inherence
• Resistant Disease: Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1C4Z]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli pXZL1582; 668369
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: PCR and DNA sequencing assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and agar dilution assay
• Mechanism Description: The MexAB-OprM system, which is the major, constitutively expressed, multidrug efflux pump and the first discovered member of RND family exporter in P. aeruginosa, is known to pump out mostly lipophilic and amphiphilic drugs. MexAB-OprM plays an important role in the intrinsic resistance of P. aeruginosa to aminoglycosides and cationic dyes.

Salmonellosis [ICD-11: 1A09]

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)

Key Molecule: Efflux pump membrane transporter MdsA (MDSA) [3]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Resistant Disease: Salmonella enterica infection [ICD-11: 1A09.0]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028s; 588858
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Quantitative real-time PCR
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: L agar plate method assay
• Mechanism Description: Overexpression or overproduction of MdsABC confers drug resistance.

Key Molecule: Efflux pump membrane transporter MdsB (MDSB) [3]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Resistant Disease: Salmonella enterica infection [ICD-11: 1A09.0]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028s; 588858
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Quantitative real-time PCR
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: L agar plate method assay
• Mechanism Description: Overexpression or overproduction of MdsABC confers drug resistance.

Key Molecule: Efflux pump membrane transporter MdsC (MDSC) [3]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Resistant Disease: Salmonella enterica infection [ICD-11: 1A09.0]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028s; 588858
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Quantitative real-time PCR
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: L agar plate method assay
• Mechanism Description: Overexpression or overproduction of MdsABC confers drug resistance.

Staphylococcus meningitis [ICD-11: 1B54]

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)

Key Molecule: Quinolone resistance protein NorB (NORB) [4]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Resistant Disease: Staphylococcus aureus infection [ICD-11: 1B54.0]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli; 668369
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: DNA microarray hybridization assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Serial twofold agar dilutions assay
• Mechanism Description: MgrA was an indirect regulator of norB expression. The mgrA norB double mutant was reproducibly twofold more susceptible to the tested quinolones than the mgrA mutant.

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Key Molecule: HTH-type transcriptional regulator MgrA (MGRA) [4]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Resistant Disease: Staphylococcus aureus infection [ICD-11: 1B54.0]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli; 668369
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: DNA microarray hybridization assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Serial twofold agar dilutions assay
• Mechanism Description: MgrA was an indirect regulator of norB expression. The mgrA norB double mutant was reproducibly twofold more susceptible to the tested quinolones than the mgrA mutant.

ICD-12: Respiratory system diseases

Pneumonia [ICD-11: CA40]

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)

Key Molecule: MATE family efflux transporter (ABEM) [2]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Inherence
• Resistant Disease: Acinetobacter baumannii infection [ICD-11: CA40.4]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Escherichia coli kAM32; 562
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MIC assay
• Mechanism Description: AbeM was found to be an H+-coupled multidrug efflux pump and a unique member of the MATE family which lead to drug resistance.

References

• Ref 1: Contributions of MexAB-OprM and an EmrE homolog to intrinsic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to aminoglycosides and dyes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Jan;47(1):27-33. doi: 10.1128/AAC.47.1.27-33.2003.
• Ref 2: AbeM, an H+-coupled Acinetobacter baumannii multidrug efflux pump belonging to the MATE family of transporters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Oct;49(10):4362-4. doi: 10.1128/AAC.49.10.4362-4364.2005.
• Ref 3: Virulence and drug resistance roles of multidrug efflux systems of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Mol Microbiol. 2006 Jan;59(1):126-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04940.x.
• Ref 4: MgrA is a multiple regulator of two new efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 2005 Apr;187(7):2395-405. doi: 10.1128/JB.187.7.2395-2405.2005.
• Ref 5: An H(+)-coupled multidrug efflux pump, PmpM, a member of the MATE family of transporters, from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol. 2004 Jan;186(1):262-5. doi: 10.1128/JB.186.1.262-265.2004.