Disease Information

General Information of the Disease (ID: DIS00009)
Name
Cholera
ICD
ICD-11: 1A00
Resistance Map
Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Disease
  ADTT: Aberration of the Drug's Therapeutic Target
  DISM: Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification
  EADR: Epigenetic Alteration of DNA, RNA or Protein
  IDUE: Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux
  UAPP: Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Drug
Approved Drug(s)
12 drug(s) in total
Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drugs
Ampicillin
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Erythromycin esterase (EREA2) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Ampicillin
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG153/1 666
Vibrio cholerae PG170 666
Vibrio cholerae PL96 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA5, ereA2 lead to drug resistance.
       Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside (3'') (9) adenylyltransferase (AADA) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Ampicillin
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae O26 strain AS482 567107
Vibrio cholerae O39 strain AS634 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of aadA1-S lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Ampicillin
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae O62 strain AS438 666
Vibrio cholerae PG149a 666
Vibrio cholerae PG224 666
Vibrio cholerae PG262(b) 666
Vibrio cholerae PG9 666
Vibrio cholerae PG95 666
Vibrio cholerae PL1 666
Vibrio cholerae PL61 666
Vibrio cholerae PL78/6 666
Vibrio cholerae PL91 666
Vibrio cholerae PG92 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA1 lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Ampicillin
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG153/1 666
Vibrio cholerae PG170 666
Vibrio cholerae PL96 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA15 lead to drug resistance.
Chloramphenicol
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Aberration of the Drug's Therapeutic Target (ADTT) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: AAC(6')-Ib family aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase (AAC6IB) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Chloramphenicol
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PL107b 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of aac(6')-Ib lead to drug resistance.
       Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Erythromycin esterase (EREA2) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Chloramphenicol
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG153/1 666
Vibrio cholerae PG170 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA5, ereA2 lead to drug resistance.
       Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Bcr/CflA family efflux transporter (BCML) [2]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Chloramphenicol
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Escherichia coli DH5alpha 668369
Escherichia coli k-12 strain TOP10 83333
Vibrio cholerae O1 C10488 127906
Vibrio cholerae O1 strain CO943 127906
Vibrio cholerae O139 1811/98 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 2055 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 AS207 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 E712 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 HkO139-SXTS 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 strain MO10 345072
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 Sequencing assay
Mechanism Description Many recent Asian clinical Vibrio cholerae E1 Tor O1 and O139 isolates are resistant to the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole (Su), trimethoprim (Tm), chloramphenicol (Cm), and streptomycin (Sm). The corresponding resistance genes are located on large conjugative elements (SXT constins) that are integrated into prfC on the V. cholerae chromosome. The DNA sequences of the antibiotic resistance genes in the SXT constin in MO10, an O139 isolate. In SXT(MO10), these genes are clustered within a composite transposon-like structure found near the element's 5' end. The genes conferring resistance to Cm (floR), Su (sulII), and Sm (strA and strB) correspond to previously described genes, whereas the gene conferring resistance to Tm, designated dfr18, is novel.
       Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Chloramphenicol
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG149a 666
Vibrio cholerae PG262(b) 666
Vibrio cholerae PG95 666
Vibrio cholerae PL61 666
Vibrio cholerae PL78/6 666
Vibrio cholerae PL105b 666
Vibrio cholerae PL141 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA1 lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Chloramphenicol
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG153/1 666
Vibrio cholerae PG170 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA15 lead to drug resistance.
Ciprofloxacin XR
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Erythromycin esterase (EREA2) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Ciprofloxacin XR
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG153/1 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA5, ereA2 lead to drug resistance.
       Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Ciprofloxacin XR
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae O62 strain AS438 666
Vibrio cholerae PG224 666
Vibrio cholerae PL1 666
Vibrio cholerae PL61 666
Vibrio cholerae PL78/6 666
Vibrio cholerae PL141 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA1 lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Ciprofloxacin XR
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG153/1 666
Vibrio cholerae PG170 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA15 lead to drug resistance.
Framycetin
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Aberration of the Drug's Therapeutic Target (ADTT) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: AAC(6')-Ib family aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase (AAC6IB) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Framycetin
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PL107b 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of aac(6')-Ib lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside (3'') (9) adenylyltransferase (AADA) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Framycetin
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae O39 strain AS634 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of aadA1-S lead to drug resistance.
       Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Framycetin
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae O62 strain AS438 666
Vibrio cholerae PG262(b) 666
Vibrio cholerae PG9 666
Vibrio cholerae PL78/6 666
Vibrio cholerae PL105b 666
Vibrio cholerae PL141 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA1 lead to drug resistance.
Furazolidone
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Erythromycin esterase (EREA2) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Furazolidone
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG153/1 666
Vibrio cholerae PG170 666
Vibrio cholerae PL96 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA5, ereA2 lead to drug resistance.
       Epigenetic Alteration of DNA, RNA or Protein (EADR) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: AAC(6')-Ib family aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase (AAC6IB) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Furazolidone
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PL107b 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of aac(6')-Ib lead to drug resistance.
       Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside (3'') (9) adenylyltransferase (AADA) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Furazolidone
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae O26 strain AS482 567107
Vibrio cholerae O39 strain AS634 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of aadA1-S lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Furazolidone
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae O62 strain AS438 666
Vibrio cholerae PG149a 666
Vibrio cholerae PG224 666
Vibrio cholerae PG9 666
Vibrio cholerae PG95 666
Vibrio cholerae PL1 666
Vibrio cholerae PL61 666
Vibrio cholerae PL78/6 666
Vibrio cholerae PL105b 666
Vibrio cholerae PL141 666
Vibrio cholerae PG92 666
Vibrio cholerae PL134 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA1 lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Furazolidone
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG153/1 666
Vibrio cholerae PG170 666
Vibrio cholerae PL96 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA15 lead to drug resistance.
Gentamicin
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Aberration of the Drug's Therapeutic Target (ADTT) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: AAC(6')-Ib family aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase (AAC6IB) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Gentamicin
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PL107b 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of aac(6')-Ib lead to drug resistance.
       Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Gentamicin
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG262(b) 666
Vibrio cholerae PL61 666
Vibrio cholerae PL78/6 666
Vibrio cholerae PL105b 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA1 lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Gentamicin
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG170 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA15 lead to drug resistance.
Meropenem
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Beta-lactamase-like protein (VARG) [3]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Meropenem
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Discovered Using In-vivo Testing Model
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae CVD101 1854
Mechanism Description A gel-shift analysis was used to determine if VarR bound to the promoter regions of the resistance genes. Consistent with the regulation of these resistance genes, VarR binds to three distinct intergenic regions, varRG, varGA and varBC located upstream and adjacent to varG, varA and varC, respectively. VarR can act as a repressor at the varRG promoter region; whilst this repression was relieved upon addition of Beta-lactams, these did not dissociate the VarR/varRG-DNA complex, indicating that the de-repression of varR by Beta-lactams is indirect.
Nalidixic acid
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Erythromycin esterase (EREA2) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Nalidixic acid
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG153/1 666
Vibrio cholerae PG170 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA5, ereA2 lead to drug resistance.
       Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside (3'') (9) adenylyltransferase (AADA) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Nalidixic acid
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae O26 strain AS482 567107
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of aadA1-S lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Nalidixic acid
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae O62 strain AS438 666
Vibrio cholerae PG149a 666
Vibrio cholerae PG224 666
Vibrio cholerae PG262(b) 666
Vibrio cholerae PG9 666
Vibrio cholerae PG95 666
Vibrio cholerae PL1 666
Vibrio cholerae PL61 666
Vibrio cholerae PL78/6 666
Vibrio cholerae PL91 666
Vibrio cholerae PG92 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA1 lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Nalidixic acid
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG153/1 666
Vibrio cholerae PG170 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA15 lead to drug resistance.
Streptomycin
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Aberration of the Drug's Therapeutic Target (ADTT) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: AAC(6')-Ib family aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase (AAC6IB) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Streptomycin
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PL107b 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of aac(6')-Ib lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside (3'') (9) adenylyltransferase (AADA) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Streptomycin
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae O26 strain AS482 567107
Vibrio cholerae O39 strain AS634 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of aadA1-S lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase (A3AP) [2]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Streptomycin
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Escherichia coli DH5alpha 668369
Escherichia coli k-12 strain TOP10 83333
Vibrio cholerae O1 C10488 127906
Vibrio cholerae O1 strain CO943 127906
Vibrio cholerae O139 1811/98 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 2055 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 AS207 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 E712 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 HkO139-SXTS 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 strain MO10 345072
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 Sequencing assay
Mechanism Description Many recent Asian clinical Vibrio cholerae E1 Tor O1 and O139 isolates are resistant to the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole (Su), trimethoprim (Tm), chloramphenicol (Cm), and streptomycin (Sm). The corresponding resistance genes are located on large conjugative elements (SXT constins) that are integrated into prfC on the V. cholerae chromosome. The DNA sequences of the antibiotic resistance genes in the SXT constin in MO10, an O139 isolate. In SXT(MO10), these genes are clustered within a composite transposon-like structure found near the element's 5' end. The genes conferring resistance to Cm (floR), Su (sulII), and Sm (strA and strB) correspond to previously described genes, whereas the gene conferring resistance to Tm, designated dfr18, is novel.
       Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Streptomycin phosphotransferase (STRB) [2]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Streptomycin
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Escherichia coli DH5alpha 668369
Escherichia coli k-12 strain TOP10 83333
Vibrio cholerae O1 C10488 127906
Vibrio cholerae O1 strain CO943 127906
Vibrio cholerae O139 1811/98 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 2055 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 AS207 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 E712 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 HkO139-SXTS 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 strain MO10 345072
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 Sequencing assay
Mechanism Description Many recent Asian clinical Vibrio cholerae E1 Tor O1 and O139 isolates are resistant to the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole (Su), trimethoprim (Tm), chloramphenicol (Cm), and streptomycin (Sm). The corresponding resistance genes are located on large conjugative elements (SXT constins) that are integrated into prfC on the V. cholerae chromosome. The DNA sequences of the antibiotic resistance genes in the SXT constin in MO10, an O139 isolate. In SXT(MO10), these genes are clustered within a composite transposon-like structure found near the element's 5' end. The genes conferring resistance to Cm (floR), Su (sulII), and Sm (strA and strB) correspond to previously described genes, whereas the gene conferring resistance to Tm, designated dfr18, is novel.
       Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Streptomycin
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae O62 strain AS438 666
Vibrio cholerae PG149a 666
Vibrio cholerae PG262(b) 666
Vibrio cholerae PG9 666
Vibrio cholerae PG95 666
Vibrio cholerae PL1 666
Vibrio cholerae PL61 666
Vibrio cholerae PL78/6 666
Vibrio cholerae PL91 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA1 lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Streptomycin
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG170 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA15 lead to drug resistance.
Sulfamethoxazole
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Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Aberration of the Drug's Therapeutic Target (ADTT) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [2]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Sulfamethoxazole
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Escherichia coli DH5alpha 668369
Escherichia coli k-12 strain TOP10 83333
Vibrio cholerae O1 C10488 127906
Vibrio cholerae O1 strain CO943 127906
Vibrio cholerae O139 1811/98 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 2055 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 AS207 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 E712 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 HkO139-SXTS 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 strain MO10 345072
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 Sequencing assay
Mechanism Description Many recent Asian clinical Vibrio cholerae E1 Tor O1 and O139 isolates are resistant to the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole (Su), trimethoprim (Tm), chloramphenicol (Cm), and streptomycin (Sm). The corresponding resistance genes are located on large conjugative elements (SXT constins) that are integrated into prfC on the V. cholerae chromosome. The DNA sequences of the antibiotic resistance genes in the SXT constin in MO10, an O139 isolate. In SXT(MO10), these genes are clustered within a composite transposon-like structure found near the element's 5' end. The genes conferring resistance to Cm (floR), Su (sulII), and Sm (strA and strB) correspond to previously described genes, whereas the gene conferring resistance to Tm, designated dfr18, is novel.
Tetracycline
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Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Tetracycline
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG149a 666
Vibrio cholerae PL61 666
Vibrio cholerae PL78/6 666
Vibrio cholerae PL91 666
Vibrio cholerae PL141 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA1 lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Tetracycline
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG170 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA15 lead to drug resistance.
Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) [4]
Sensitive Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Down-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Sensitive Drug Tetracycline
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Discovered Using In-vivo Testing Model
In Vitro Model E1 Tor C6706 1124478
In Vivo Model Infant mouse colonisation Mus musculus
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 Lux reporters assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Plate counting assay
Mechanism Description Deletion of all five mfs genes results in increased susceptibility to tetracycline and the antimicrobial agents present in crud.
Trimethoprim
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Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Aberration of the Drug's Therapeutic Target (ADTT) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Trimethoprim
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae O62 strain AS438 666
Vibrio cholerae PG149a 666
Vibrio cholerae PG224 666
Vibrio cholerae PG262(b) 666
Vibrio cholerae PG9 666
Vibrio cholerae PG95 666
Vibrio cholerae PL1 666
Vibrio cholerae PL61 666
Vibrio cholerae PL78/6 666
Vibrio cholerae PL91 666
Vibrio cholerae PG92 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA1 lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Trimethoprim
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG153/1 666
Vibrio cholerae PG170 666
Vibrio cholerae PL96 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA15 lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [2]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Trimethoprim
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Escherichia coli DH5alpha 668369
Escherichia coli k-12 strain TOP10 83333
Vibrio cholerae O1 C10488 127906
Vibrio cholerae O1 strain CO943 127906
Vibrio cholerae O139 1811/98 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 2055 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 AS207 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 E712 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 HkO139-SXTS 45888
Vibrio cholerae O139 strain MO10 345072
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 Sequencing assay
Mechanism Description Many recent Asian clinical Vibrio cholerae E1 Tor O1 and O139 isolates are resistant to the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole (Su), trimethoprim (Tm), chloramphenicol (Cm), and streptomycin (Sm). The corresponding resistance genes are located on large conjugative elements (SXT constins) that are integrated into prfC on the V. cholerae chromosome. The DNA sequences of the antibiotic resistance genes in the SXT constin in MO10, an O139 isolate. In SXT(MO10), these genes are clustered within a composite transposon-like structure found near the element's 5' end. The genes conferring resistance to Cm (floR), Su (sulII), and Sm (strA and strB) correspond to previously described genes, whereas the gene conferring resistance to Tm, designated dfr18, is novel.
       Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Erythromycin esterase (EREA2) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Trimethoprim
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG153/1 666
Vibrio cholerae PG170 666
Vibrio cholerae PL96 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA5, ereA2 lead to drug resistance.
       Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: AAC(6')-Ib family aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase (AAC6IB) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Trimethoprim
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PL107b 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of aac(6')-Ib lead to drug resistance.
       Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside (3'') (9) adenylyltransferase (AADA) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Trimethoprim
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae O39 strain AS634 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of aadA1-S lead to drug resistance.
Discontinued Drug(s)
1 drug(s) in total
Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drugs
BPI-derived peptide P2
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Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Outer membrane protein U (OMPU) [5], [6]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug BPI-derived peptide P2
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae N16961 243277
Vibrio cholerae O395 345073
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 Whole genome sequence assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 MIC assay
Mechanism Description BPI and P2, a peptide that contains BPI residues 86 to 104, may employ the same mechanism for killing Escherichia coli since both increase outer membrane (OM) permeability to hydrophobic compounds and inhibit O2 consumption.The ompU mutant was more sensitive to P2 because it possessed a more fragile OM than did wt cells.
Investigative Drug(s)
1 drug(s) in total
Click to Show/Hide the Full List of Drugs
Sulfamethizole/Sulfadiazine
Click to Show/Hide
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Aberration of the Drug's Therapeutic Target (ADTT) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Sulfamethizole/Sulfadiazine
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae O62 strain AS438 666
Vibrio cholerae PG149a 666
Vibrio cholerae PG224 666
Vibrio cholerae PG262(b) 666
Vibrio cholerae PG9 666
Vibrio cholerae PG95 666
Vibrio cholerae PL1 666
Vibrio cholerae PL61 666
Vibrio cholerae PL78/6 666
Vibrio cholerae PL91 666
Vibrio cholerae PL105b 666
Vibrio cholerae PL141 666
Vibrio cholerae PG92 666
Vibrio cholerae PL134 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA1 lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: AAC(6')-Ib family aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferase (AAC6IB) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Sulfamethizole/Sulfadiazine
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PL107b 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of aac(6')-Ib lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Aminoglycoside (3'') (9) adenylyltransferase (AADA) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Sulfamethizole/Sulfadiazine
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae O26 strain AS482 567107
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of aadA1-S lead to drug resistance.
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Sulfamethizole/Sulfadiazine
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG153/1 666
Vibrio cholerae PG170 666
Vibrio cholerae PL96 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA15 lead to drug resistance.
       Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Erythromycin esterase (EREA2) [1]
Resistant Disease Vibrio cholerae infection [ICD-11: 1A00.0]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Inherence
 Molecule Info 
Resistant Drug Sulfamethizole/Sulfadiazine
 Drug Info 
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Vibrio cholerae PG153/1 666
Vibrio cholerae PG170 666
Vibrio cholerae PL96 666
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration		 PCR and DNA sequencing assay
Experiment for
Drug Resistance		 Commercial antimicrobial discs assay
Mechanism Description The expression of dfrA5, ereA2 lead to drug resistance.
References
Ref 1 Occurrence of antibiotic resistance gene cassettes aac(6')-Ib, dfrA5, dfrA12, and ereA2 in class I integrons in non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae strains in India. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002 Sep;46(9):2948-55. doi: 10.1128/AAC.46.9.2948-2955.2002.
Ref 2 Molecular analysis of antibiotic resistance gene clusters in vibrio cholerae O139 and O1 SXT constins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Nov;45(11):2991-3000. doi: 10.1128/AAC.45.11.2991-3000.2001.
Ref 3 The Vibrio cholerae var regulon encodes a metallo-Beta-lactamase and an antibiotic efflux pump, which are regulated by VarR, a LysR-type transcription factor. PLoS One. 2017 Sep 12;12(9):e0184255. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184255. eCollection 2017.
Ref 4 LysR family activator-regulated major facilitator superfamily transporters are involved in Vibrio cholerae antimicrobial compound resistance and intestinal colonisation. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013 Feb;41(2):188-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.10.008. Epub 2012 Nov 30.
Ref 5 The Vibrio cholerae ToxR-regulated porin OmpU confers resistance to antimicrobial peptides. Infect Immun. 2004 Jun;72(6):3577-83. doi: 10.1128/IAI.72.6.3577-3583.2004.
Ref 6 OmpU as a biomarker for rapid discrimination between toxigenic and epidemic Vibrio cholerae O1/O139 and non-epidemic Vibrio cholerae in a modified MALDI-TOF MS assay. BMC Microbiol. 2014 Jun 18;14:158. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-158.
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