Disease Information

General Information of the Disease (ID: DIS00001)

Name	Anaerobic bacterial infection
ICD	ICD-11: 1A00-1A09
Resistance Map

Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Disease

DISM: Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Drug

Approved Drug(s)

5 drug(s) in total

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Amoxicillin

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Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM)		Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Beta-lactamase (BLA)			[1], [2]
Resistant Disease	Anaerobic Bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1A09]
Molecule Alteration	Expression	Up-regulation	Molecule Info
Resistant Drug	Amoxicillin		Drug Info
Experimental Note	Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model	Escherichia coli HB101		634468
	Escherichia coli JM109		562
	Acidaminococcus fermentans RYC-MR95		905
	Acidaminococcus fermentans RYC4093		905
	Acidaminococcus fermentans RYC4356		905
	Escherichia coli RYC1000		562
Experiment for Molecule Alteration	Whole genome sequence assay
Experiment for Drug Resistance	Agar dilution method assay; broth microdilution method assay
Mechanism Description	A. intestini is the first Gram-negative coccus with demonstrated resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. The reference genome of the A. intestini strain RyC-MR95, which was isolated from a perianal abscess of a European male diabetic patient, contains the aci1 gene, which encodes the ACI-1 class A beta-lactamase that confers resistance to penicillins and extended-spectrum cephalosporins.

Cefotaxime

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Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM)		Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Beta-lactamase (BLA)			[1], [2]
Resistant Disease	Anaerobic Bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1A09]
Molecule Alteration	Expression	Up-regulation	Molecule Info
Resistant Drug	Cefotaxime		Drug Info
Experimental Note	Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model	Escherichia coli HB101		634468
	Escherichia coli JM109		562
	Acidaminococcus fermentans RYC-MR95		905
	Acidaminococcus fermentans RYC4093		905
	Acidaminococcus fermentans RYC4356		905
	Escherichia coli RYC1000		562
Experiment for Molecule Alteration	Whole genome sequence assay
Experiment for Drug Resistance	Agar dilution method assay; broth microdilution method assay
Mechanism Description	A. intestini is the first Gram-negative coccus with demonstrated resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. The reference genome of the A. intestini strain RyC-MR95, which was isolated from a perianal abscess of a European male diabetic patient, contains the aci1 gene, which encodes the ACI-1 class A beta-lactamase that confers resistance to penicillins and extended-spectrum cephalosporins.

Ceftazidime

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Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM)		Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Beta-lactamase (BLA)			[1], [2]
Resistant Disease	Anaerobic Bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1A09]
Molecule Alteration	Expression	Up-regulation	Molecule Info
Resistant Drug	Ceftazidime		Drug Info
Experimental Note	Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model	Escherichia coli HB101		634468
	Escherichia coli JM109		562
	Acidaminococcus fermentans RYC-MR95		905
	Acidaminococcus fermentans RYC4093		905
	Acidaminococcus fermentans RYC4356		905
	Escherichia coli RYC1000		562
Experiment for Molecule Alteration	Whole genome sequence assay
Experiment for Drug Resistance	Agar dilution method assay; broth microdilution method assay
Mechanism Description	A. intestini is the first Gram-negative coccus with demonstrated resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. The reference genome of the A. intestini strain RyC-MR95, which was isolated from a perianal abscess of a European male diabetic patient, contains the aci1 gene, which encodes the ACI-1 class A beta-lactamase that confers resistance to penicillins and extended-spectrum cephalosporins.

Penicillin

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Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM)		Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Beta-lactamase (BLA)			[1], [2]
Resistant Disease	Anaerobic bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1A09]
Molecule Alteration	Expression	Up-regulation	Molecule Info
Resistant Drug	Penicillin		Drug Info
Experimental Note	Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model	Escherichia coli HB101		634468
	Escherichia coli JM109		562
	Acidaminococcus fermentans RYC-MR95		905
	Acidaminococcus fermentans RYC4093		905
	Acidaminococcus fermentans RYC4356		905
	Escherichia coli RYC1000		562
Experiment for Molecule Alteration	Whole genome sequence assay
Experiment for Drug Resistance	Agar dilution method assay; broth microdilution method assay
Mechanism Description	A. intestini is the first Gram-negative coccus with demonstrated resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. The reference genome of the A. intestini strain RyC-MR95, which was isolated from a perianal abscess of a European male diabetic patient, contains the aci1 gene, which encodes the ACI-1 class A beta-lactamase that confers resistance to penicillins and extended-spectrum cephalosporins.

Ticarcillin

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Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
Drug Inactivation by Structure Modification (DISM)		Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Beta-lactamase (BLA)			[1], [2]
Resistant Disease	Anaerobic Bacterial infection [ICD-11: 1A00-1A09]
Molecule Alteration	Expression	Up-regulation	Molecule Info
Resistant Drug	Ticarcillin		Drug Info
Experimental Note	Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model	Escherichia coli HB101		634468
	Escherichia coli JM109		562
	Acidaminococcus fermentans RYC-MR95		905
	Acidaminococcus fermentans RYC4093		905
	Acidaminococcus fermentans RYC4356		905
	Escherichia coli RYC1000		562
Experiment for Molecule Alteration	Whole genome sequence assay
Experiment for Drug Resistance	Agar dilution method assay; broth microdilution method assay
Mechanism Description	A. intestini is the first Gram-negative coccus with demonstrated resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. The reference genome of the A. intestini strain RyC-MR95, which was isolated from a perianal abscess of a European male diabetic patient, contains the aci1 gene, which encodes the ACI-1 class A beta-lactamase that confers resistance to penicillins and extended-spectrum cephalosporins.

References

Ref 1	ACI-1 from Acidaminococcus fermentans: characterization of the first beta-lactamase in Anaerobic cocci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000 Nov;44(11):3144-9. doi: 10.1128/AAC.44.11.3144-3149.2000.
Ref 2	ACI-1 beta-lactamase is widespread across human gut microbiomes in Negativicutes due to transposons harboured by tailed prophages. Environ Microbiol. 2018 Jun;20(6):2288-2300. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.14276. Epub 2018 Aug 7.