Molecule Information

General Information of the Molecule (ID: Mol00120)

• Name: ATP-binding cassette sub-family C2 (ABCC2) ,Homo sapiens
• Synonyms: Canalicular multidrug resistance protein; Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1; Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2; CMOAT; CMOAT1; CMRP; MRP2
• Molecule Type: Protein
• Gene Name: ABCC2
• Gene ID: 1244
• Location: chr10:99782640-99852594[+]
• Sequence:
  MLEKFCNSTFWNSSFLDSPEADLPLCFEQTVLVWIPLGYLWLLAPWQLLHVYKSRTKRSS
  TTKLYLAKQVFVGFLLILAAIELALVLTEDSGQATVPAVRYTNPSLYLGTWLLVLLIQYS
  RQWCVQKNSWFLSLFWILSILCGTFQFQTLIRTLLQGDNSNLAYSCLFFISYGFQILILI
  FSAFSENNESSNNPSSIASFLSSITYSWYDSIILKGYKRPLTLEDVWEVDEEMKTKTLVS
  KFETHMKRELQKARRALQRRQEKSSQQNSGARLPGLNKNQSQSQDALVLEDVEKKKKKSG
  TKKDVPKSWLMKALFKTFYMVLLKSFLLKLVNDIFTFVSPQLLKLLISFASDRDTYLWIG
  YLCAILLFTAALIQSFCLQCYFQLCFKLGVKVRTAIMASVYKKALTLSNLARKEYTVGET
  VNLMSVDAQKLMDVTNFMHMLWSSVLQIVLSIFFLWRELGPSVLAGVGVMVLVIPINAIL
  STKSKTIQVKNMKNKDKRLKIMNEILSGIKILKYFAWEPSFRDQVQNLRKKELKNLLAFS
  QLQCVVIFVFQLTPVLVSVVTFSVYVLVDSNNILDAQKAFTSITLFNILRFPLSMLPMMI
  SSMLQASVSTERLEKYLGGDDLDTSAIRHDCNFDKAMQFSEASFTWEHDSEATVRDVNLD
  IMAGQLVAVIGPVGSGKSSLISAMLGEMENVHGHITIKGTTAYVPQQSWIQNGTIKDNIL
  FGTEFNEKRYQQVLEACALLPDLEMLPGGDLAEIGEKGINLSGGQKQRISLARATYQNLD
  IYLLDDPLSAVDAHVGKHIFNKVLGPNGLLKGKTRLLVTHSMHFLPQVDEIVVLGNGTIV
  EKGSYSALLAKKGEFAKNLKTFLRHTGPEEEATVHDGSEEEDDDYGLISSVEEIPEDAAS
  ITMRRENSFRRTLSRSSRSNGRHLKSLRNSLKTRNVNSLKEDEELVKGQKLIKKEFIETG
  KVKFSIYLEYLQAIGLFSIFFIILAFVMNSVAFIGSNLWLSAWTSDSKIFNSTDYPASQR
  DMRVGVYGALGLAQGIFVFIAHFWSAFGFVHASNILHKQLLNNILRAPMRFFDTTPTGRI
  VNRFAGDISTVDDTLPQSLRSWITCFLGIISTLVMICMATPVFTIIVIPLGIIYVSVQMF
  YVSTSRQLRRLDSVTRSPIYSHFSETVSGLPVIRAFEHQQRFLKHNEVRIDTNQKCVFSW
  ITSNRWLAIRLELVGNLTVFFSALMMVIYRDTLSGDTVGFVLSNALNITQTLNWLVRMTS
  EIETNIVAVERITEYTKVENEAPWVTDKRPPPDWPSKGKIQFNNYQVRYRPELDLVLRGI
  TCDIGSMEKIGVVGRTGAGKSSLTNCLFRILEAAGGQIIIDGVDIASIGLHDLREKLTII
  PQDPILFSGSLRMNLDPFNNYSDEEIWKALELAHLKSFVASLQLGLSHEVTEAGGNLSIG
  QRQLLCLGRALLRKSKILVLDEATAAVDLETDNLIQTTIQNEFAHCTVITIAHRLHTIMD
  SDKVMVLDNGKIIECGSPEELLQIPGPFYFMAKEAGIENVNSTKF
• 3D-structure: PDB ID: 8JXQ; Classification: Transport protein; Method: Electron microscopy; Resolution: 3.32 Å
• Function: ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family that binds and hydrolyzes ATP to enable active transport of various substrates including many drugs, toxicants and endogenous compound across cell membranes. Transports a wide variety of conjugated organic anions such as sulfate-, glucuronide- and glutathione (GSH)-conjugates of endo- and xenobiotics substrates. Mediates hepatobiliary excretion of mono- and bis-glucuronidated bilirubin molecules and therefore play an important role in bilirubin detoxification. Mediates also hepatobiliary excretion of others glucuronide conjugates such as 17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid and leukotriene C4. Transports sulfated bile salt such as taurolithocholate sulfate. Transport various anticancer drugs, such as anthracycline, vinca alkaloid and methotrexate and HIV-drugs such as protease inhibitors. Confers resistance to several anti-cancer drugs including cisplatin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, methotrexate, etoposide and vincristine.
• Uniprot ID: MRP2_HUMAN
• Ensembl ID: ENSG00000023839
• HGNC ID: HGNC:53

Kingdom: Metazoa
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Homo sapiens

Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Molecule

  IDUE: Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Drug

Approved Drug(s) 7 drug(s) in total

Cisplatin

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)

Disease Class: Non-small cell lung cancer [ICD-11: 2C25.Y] [1]

• Resistant Disease: Non-small cell lung cancer [ICD-11: 2C25.Y]
• Resistant Drug: Cisplatin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation

Differential expression of the molecule in resistant disease

• Classification of Disease: Lung cancer [ICD-11: 2C25]
• The Specified Disease: Lung cancer
• The Studied Tissue: Lung tissue
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 1.02E-08; Fold-change: 6.65E-02; Z-score: 5.77E+00
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Caspase-3 signaling pathway; Inhibition; hsa04210
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell apoptosis; Inhibition; hsa04210
• In Vitro Model: A549 cells; Lung; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0023
• In Vitro Model: A549/DDP cells; Lung; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0023
• In Vivo Model: BALB/c nude mice xenograft model; Mus musculus
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: CCK8 assay
• Mechanism Description: ABCC2 knockdown reversed DDP resistance and promoted G1 phase arrest in A549/DDP cells, and PARP and caspase-3 were activated in A549/DDP cells following ABCC2 knockdown. In vivo, ABCC2 knockdown enhanced the cytotoxicity of DDP to subcutaneous A549 t.

Disease Class: Oral squamous cell carcinoma [ICD-11: 2B6E.0] [2]

• Resistant Disease: Oral squamous cell carcinoma [ICD-11: 2B6E.0]
• Resistant Drug: Cisplatin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Caspase-3 signaling pathway; Activation; hsa04210
• In Vitro Model: CAL27 cells; Oral; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_1107
• In Vitro Model: HSC3 cells; Tongue; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_1288
• In Vitro Model: HaCaT cells; Tongue; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0038
• In Vitro Model: OSCC3 cells; Tongue; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_L894
• In Vitro Model: SCC4 cells; Tongue; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_1684
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: CCK8 assay
• Mechanism Description: Midkine derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes cisplatin-resistance via up-regulation of the expression of LncRNA ANRIL in tumour cells. ANRIL knockdown overcomes Mk-induced cisplatin resistance via activation of caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Overexpression of LncRNA ANRIL promots the up-regulation of ABC family proteins MRP1 and ABCC2, which ultimately results in tumour cell resistance to cisplatin.

Disease Class: Prostate cancer [ICD-11: 2C82.0] [3]

• Resistant Disease: Prostate cancer [ICD-11: 2C82.0]
• Resistant Drug: Cisplatin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: PC3 cells; Prostate; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0035
• In Vitro Model: 22RV1 cells; Prostate; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_1045
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: However, higher concentrations of probenecid (500 uM) failed to demonstrate a chemosensitizing effect. Consistent with this lower chemosensitizing efficacy in higher-concentration probenecid treatment, we observed that the expression of ABCG2, a drug-efflux transporter, increased in a dose-dependent manner following probenecid treatment. Thus, probenecid could enhance the chemosensitivity of 3D-cultured prostate cancer cells, but not at higher concentr.

Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)

Disease Class: Ovarian cancer [ICD-11: 2C73.0] [4]

• Sensitive Disease: Ovarian cancer [ICD-11: 2C73.0]
• Sensitive Drug: Cisplatin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: SkOV3 cells; Ovary; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0532
• In Vitro Model: OVCAR3 cells; Ovary; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0465
• In Vitro Model: OVCAR3/CDDP cells; Ovary; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0465
• In Vitro Model: SkOV3/CDDP cells; Ovary; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_D622
• In Vivo Model: Mouse xenograft model; Mus musculus
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Luciferase assay; Western blot analysis; Immunohistochemical staining assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: miR490-3p sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin by directly targeting ABCC2. miR490-3p enhances CDDP sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells through downregulating ABCC2 expression.

Disease Class: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma [ICD-11: 2B6B.0] [5]

• Sensitive Disease: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma [ICD-11: 2B6B.0]
• Sensitive Drug: Cisplatin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: 5-8F cells; Nasopharynx; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_C528
• In Vitro Model: CNE2 cells; Nasopharynx; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_6889
• In Vitro Model: CNE1 cells; Throat; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_6888
• In Vitro Model: HONE1 cells; Throat; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_8706
• In Vitro Model: 6-10B cells; Nasopharynx; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_C529
• In Vivo Model: BALB/c nude mice xenograft model; Mus musculus
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: Lentiviral vectors were constructed to allow an efficient expression of anti-ABCC2 siRNA. The accumulation of intracellular cisplatin in these CNE2 cell clones with reduced expression of ABCC2 increased markedly, accompanied by increased sensitivity against cisplatin. lentivirus-mediated RNAi silencing targeting ABCC2 might reverse the ABCC2-related drug resistance of NPC cell line CNE2 against cisplatin.

Doxorubicin

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)

Disease Class: Prostate cancer [ICD-11: 2C82.0] [3]

• Resistant Disease: Prostate cancer [ICD-11: 2C82.0]
• Resistant Drug: Doxorubicin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: PC3 cells; Prostate; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0035
• In Vitro Model: 22RV1 cells; Prostate; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_1045
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: However, higher concentrations of probenecid (500 uM) failed to demonstrate a chemosensitizing effect. Consistent with this lower chemosensitizing efficacy in higher-concentration probenecid treatment, we observed that the expression of ABCG2, a drug-efflux transporter, increased in a dose-dependent manner following probenecid treatment. Thus, probenecid could enhance the chemosensitivity of 3D-cultured prostate cancer cells, but not at higher concentr.

Imatinib

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)

Disease Class: Chronic myeloid leukemia [ICD-11: 2A20.0] [6]

• Resistant Disease: Chronic myeloid leukemia [ICD-11: 2A20.0]
• Resistant Drug: Imatinib
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: K562 cells; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0004
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis; Luciferase reporter assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: ABCC2 was a downstream target of miR205-5p, overexpression of miR205-5p suppressed the expression of ABCC2 in k562-R cells. SNHG5 promotes imatinib resistance through upregulating ABCC2. SNHG5 promotes imatinib resistance in CML via acting as a competing endogenous RNA against miR205-5p.

Ketoprofen

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)

Disease Class: Ovarian cancer [ICD-11: 2C73.0] [7]

• Resistant Disease: Ovarian cancer [ICD-11: 2C73.0]
• Resistant Drug: Ketoprofen
• Molecule Alteration: Function; Inhibition
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: SW48 cells; Colon; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_1724
• In Vitro Model: A2780/RCIS cells; Ovary; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Flow cytometric efflux assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: A new series of quinoline analogs of ketoprofen was designed and synthesized as multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) inhibitors using ketoprofen as the lead compounds.

Oxaliplatin

Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)

Disease Class: Colorectal carcinoma [ICD-11: 2B91.3] [8]

• Sensitive Disease: Colorectal carcinoma [ICD-11: 2B91.3]
• Sensitive Drug: Oxaliplatin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell apoptosis; Activation; hsa04210
• In Vitro Model: HCT116 cells; Colon; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0291
• In Vitro Model: HCT-8 cells; Colon; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_2478
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: MRP-2 (MDR-associated protein 2) is an important MDR protein in platinum-drug-resistance cells, miR-297 in MDR colorectal carcinoma cells reduced MRP-2 protein level and sensitized these cells to anti-cancer drugs in vitro and in vivo.

Probenecid

Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)

Disease Class: Prostate cancer [ICD-11: 2C82.0] [3]

• Sensitive Disease: Prostate cancer [ICD-11: 2C82.0]
• Sensitive Drug: Probenecid
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell autophagy; Inhibition; hsa04140
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell cytotoxicity; Activation; hsa04650
• In Vitro Model: PC3 cells; Prostate; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0035
• In Vitro Model: 22RV1 cells; Prostate; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_1045
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: However, probenecid only weakly inhibits ABCG2. Thus, probenecid enhanced the efficacy of anticancer drugs against 22Rv1 spheroids by inhibiting drug resistance-related transporters such as MRP; at high probenecid concentrations, the chemosensitization effect may be reduced owing to promotion of alternate drug excretion pathways via upregulated ABCG2 expression.

Vincristine

Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)

Disease Class: Colorectal carcinoma [ICD-11: 2B91.3] [8]

• Sensitive Disease: Colorectal carcinoma [ICD-11: 2B91.3]
• Sensitive Drug: Vincristine
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell apoptosis; Activation; hsa04210
• In Vitro Model: HCT116 cells; Colon; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0291
• In Vitro Model: HCT-8 cells; Colon; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_2478
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: MRP-2 (MDR-associated protein 2) is an important MDR protein in platinum-drug-resistance cells, miR-297 in MDR colorectal carcinoma cells reduced MRP-2 protein level and sensitized these cells to anti-cancer drugs in vitro and in vivo.

Clinical Trial Drug(s) 1 drug(s) in total

Vemurafenib/Cobimetinib

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)

Disease Class: Melanoma [ICD-11: 2C30.0] [9]

• Resistant Disease: Melanoma [ICD-11: 2C30.0]
• Resistant Drug: Vemurafenib/Cobimetinib
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: Hs294T R cells; Skin; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_E3AI
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot assay; qRT-PCR
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: XTT assay
• Mechanism Description: ABC transporters and CYP1A1 protein level was also upregulated in resistant cells. Moreover, the elevated levels of ABCA1, ABCC2 and ABCG2 were here shown for the first time in BRAFi/MEKi resistant cells.

Disease Class: Melanoma [ICD-11: 2C30.0] [9]

• Resistant Disease: Melanoma [ICD-11: 2C30.0]
• Resistant Drug: Vemurafenib/Cobimetinib
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: WM9 R cells; melanoma; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_E3AH
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot assay; qRT-PCR
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: XTT assay
• Mechanism Description: ABC transporters and CYP1A1 protein level was also upregulated in resistant cells. Moreover, the elevated levels of ABCA1, ABCC2 and ABCG2 were here shown for the first time in BRAFi/MEKi resistant cells.

Disease- and Tissue-specific Abundances of This Molecule

ICD Disease Classification 02

Chronic myeloid leukemia [ICD-11: 2A20]

Differential expression of molecule in resistant diseases

• The Studied Tissue: Whole blood
• The Specified Disease: Myelofibrosis
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 5.87E-01; Fold-change: -2.27E-02; Z-score: -1.39E-01
• The Studied Tissue: Whole blood
• The Specified Disease: Polycythemia vera
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 5.58E-03; Fold-change: 9.73E-02; Z-score: 5.83E-01

Oral squamous cell carcinoma [ICD-11: 2B6E]

Differential expression of molecule in resistant diseases

• The Studied Tissue: Oral tissue
• The Specified Disease: Oral squamous cell carcinoma
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 2.89E-03; Fold-change: -2.40E-01; Z-score: -9.52E-01
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Adjacent Tissue: p-value: 6.28E-01; Fold-change: -6.84E-02; Z-score: -2.77E-01

Lung cancer [ICD-11: 2C25]

Differential expression of molecule in resistant diseases

• The Studied Tissue: Lung
• The Specified Disease: Lung cancer
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 1.02E-08; Fold-change: -5.12E-02; Z-score: -2.22E-01
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Adjacent Tissue: p-value: 5.76E-09; Fold-change: 3.50E-03; Z-score: 1.38E-02

Ovarian cancer [ICD-11: 2C73]

Differential expression of molecule in resistant diseases

• The Studied Tissue: Ovary
• The Specified Disease: Ovarian cancer
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 9.91E-01; Fold-change: -4.05E-02; Z-score: -1.15E-01
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Adjacent Tissue: p-value: 9.62E-01; Fold-change: -2.75E-02; Z-score: -9.63E-02

Prostate cancer [ICD-11: 2C82]

Differential expression of molecule in resistant diseases

• The Studied Tissue: Prostate
• The Specified Disease: Prostate cancer
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 1.58E-01; Fold-change: -4.23E-01; Z-score: -7.28E-01

References

• Ref 1: Increased ABCC2 expression predicts cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Biochem Funct. 2021 Mar;39(2):277-286. doi: 10.1002/cbf.3577. Epub 2020 Aug 20.
• Ref 2: Midkine derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes cisplatin-resistance via up-regulation of the expression of lncRNA ANRIL in tumour cells. Sci Rep. 2017 Nov 24;7(1):16231. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13431-y.
• Ref 3: Pleiotropic effects of probenecid on three-dimensional cultures of prostate cancer cells. Life Sci. 2021 Aug 1;278:119554. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119554. Epub 2021 Apr 28.
• Ref 4: MiR-490-3p sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin by directly targeting ABCC2. Am J Transl Res. 2017 Mar 15;9(3):1127-1138. eCollection 2017.
• Ref 5: Lentivirus-mediated RNAi silencing targeting ABCC2 increasing the sensitivity of a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line against cisplatin. J Transl Med. 2008 Oct 4;6:55. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-6-55.
• Ref 6: LncRNA SNHG5 regulates imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia via acting as a CeRNA against MiR-205-5p. Am J Cancer Res. 2017 Aug 1;7(8):1704-1713. eCollection 2017.
• Ref 7: Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel quinoline analogs of ketoprofen as multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) inhibitors .Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2021 Jun;24(6):815-825. doi: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.54554.12265. 10.22038/ijbms.2021.54554.12265
• Ref 8: miR-297 modulates multidrug resistance in human colorectal carcinoma by down-regulating MRP-2. Biochem J. 2012 Sep 1;446(2):291-300. doi: 10.1042/BJ20120386.
• Ref 9: Characterization of two melanoma cell lines resistant to BRAF/MEK inhibitors (vemurafenib and cobimetinib). Cell Commun Signal. 2024 Aug 23;22(1):410.