Drug Information

Drug (ID: DG00595) and It's Reported Resistant Information

• Name: Phenobarbital
• Synonyms: Phenobarbital; Phenobarbitone; Phenobarbitol; Luminal; 50-06-6; Phenylethylbarbiturate; Phenobarbituric acid; Phenylethylmalonylurea; Fenobarbital; Phenemal; Adonal; Phenylethylbarbituric acid; Nunol; Neurobarb; Phenaemal; Dormiral; Gardenal; Hysteps; Aphenylbarbit; Aphenyletten; Dezibarbitur; Lepinaletten; Lumofridetten; Aephenal; Agrypnal; Amylofene; Barbenyl; Barbiphenyl; Barbipil; Barbivis; Barbonal; Barbophen; Bialminal; Cabronal; Calmetten; Calminal; Cardenal; Codibarbita; Coronaletta; Cratecil; Doscalun; Ensobarb; Ensodorm; Episedal; Epsylone; Eskabarb; Fenbital; Fenylettae; Gardepanyl; Glysoletten; Haplopan; Hennoletten; Hypnaletten; Hypnette; Hypnogen; Hypnolone; Hypnoltol; Liquital; Lixophen; Lubergal; Lubrokal; Lumesettes; Luphenil; Nirvonal; Parkotal; Pharmetten; Phenemalum; Phenobal; Phenobarbyl; Phenoluric; Phenolurio; Phenomet; Phenonyl; Phenoturic; Phenyletten; Phenyral; Polcominal; Promptonal; Sedizorin; Sedonettes; Solfoton; Sombutol; Somnolens; Somnoletten; Somnosan; Spasepilin; Starifen; Starilettae; Teolaxin; Barbita; Bardorm; Bartol; Chinoin; Duneryl; Epanal; Epidorm; Epilol; Etilfen; Euneryl; Fenemal; Fenosed; Haplos; Henotal; Leonal; Lepinal; Linasen; Lumesyn; Luramin; Molinal; Noptil; Sedabar; Sedicat; Sedlyn; Sedofen; Sedonal; Sevenal; Somonal; Lumen; Seda-Tablinen; Blu-phen; Nova-Pheno; Solu-Barb; Hypno-Tablinetten; Stental Extentabs; Phen-Bar; PHOB; Phenobarb; Sedophen; Talpheno; Triabarb; Versomnal; 5-Ethyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid; 5-Phenyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid; Tridezibarbitur; Triphenatol; Zadoletten; Barbinal; Barbiphen; Damoral; Dormina; Lefebar; Lephebar; Stental; Teoloxin; Theoloxin; Zadonal; SK-Phenobarbital; 5-ethyl-5-phenylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione; Thenobarbital; 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-Pyrimidinetrione, 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-; 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-diazinane-2,4,6-trione; Dormital; Phenylethylbarbitursaeure; Phenylaethylbarbitursaeure; 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione; Barbituric acid, 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-; 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione; Barbilehae (barbilettae); UNII-YQE403BP4D; component of Tedral; Sedonal (sedative); component of Slowten; CHEBI:8069; component of Antrocol; component of Hecadrol; component of Bronkotabs; 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione; component of Primatene P; CHEMBL40; Phenobarbital (in methanol solution); component of Valpin 50-PB; YQE403BP4D; Austrominal; Phenobarbitalum; Phenobarbitonum; NSC-9848; NSC-128143; NCGC00159493-02; Fenobarbitale; Fenobarbitale [DCIT]; Elixir of phenobarbital; Phenobarbitalum [INN]; DSSTox_CID_1122; Chardonna-2; DSSTox_RID_75953; DSSTox_GSID_21122; Phenylethyl barbituric acid; Fenobarbital [INN-Spanish]; Phenyl-ethyl-barbituric acid; Phenobarbitalum [INN-Latin]; WLN: T6VMVMV FHJ F2 FR; Barbinol; Fenemal recip; CAS-50-06-6; Levsin PB Drops and Tablets; CCRIS 502; Luminal (TN); phenobarbital (PB); Acido 5-fenil-5-etilbarbiturico; HSDB 3157; Acido 5-fenil-5-etilbarbiturico [Italian]; 5-Ethyl-5-phenyl-2,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione; EINECS 200-007-0; 2,6(1H,3H,5H)-Pyrimidinetrione, 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-; NSC 128143; Phenobar; AI3-02726; Phenobarbital [USP:INN:BAN:JAN]; Tedral (Salt/Mix); Primidone Impurity B; Kinesed (Salt/Mix); Antrocol (Salt/Mix); Donnatal (Salt/Mix); Donnazyme (Salt/Mix); Quadrinal (Salt/Mix); Mephobarbital M (nor); Barbidonna (Salt/Mix); Bronkotabs (Salt/Mix); PHENOBARBITAL CIV; Chardonna-2 (Salt/Mix); Epitope ID:116048; BIDD:PXR0061; Oprea1_384816; SCHEMBL16583; 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-hexahydropyrimidine-2,4,6-trione; Methylphenobarbital, M(nor-); MLS001240232; DivK1c_000987; GTPL2804; DTXSID5021122; SCHEMBL11114624; HMS503E15; KBio1_000987; NSC9848; Phenobarbital (JP17/USP/INN); NINDS_000987; HMS2272G06; Tox21_111713; Tox21_200510; BDBM50021437; NSC128143; STL367898; ZINC95588079; component of Primatene P (Salt/Mix); Phenobarbital 0.1 mg/ml in Methanol; Phenobarbital 1.0 mg/ml in Methanol; AKOS000605404; AKOS015964976; Barbituric acid, 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-,; AB02704; DB01174; MCULE-1782264021; component of Valpin 50-PB (Salt/Mix); IDI1_000987; NSC-128143-; Levsin PB Drops and Tablets (Salt/Mix); NCGC00159493-03; NCGC00159493-04; NCGC00258064-01; SMR000058986; DB-051722; C07434; D00506; Phenobarbital solution, 1.0 mg/mL in methanol; A827956; Q407241; SR-01000313151; SR-01000313151-1; Phenobarbital, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard; Phenobarbital solution, 1 mg/mL in methanol, ampule of 1 mL, certified reference material; 11097-06-6; UQA
• Indication:
  In total 1 Indication(s)
  Seizure disorder [ICD-11: 8A61-8A6Z]; Approved; [1]
• Drug Resistance Disease(s):
  Disease(s) with Clinically Reported Resistance for This Drug (1 diseases)
  Status epilepticus [ICD-11: 8A66]; [2]
• Target: Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (GAR); NOUNIPROTAC; [1]
• Formula: C12H12N2O3
• IsoSMILES: CCC1(C(=O)NC(=O)NC1=O)C2=CC=CC=C2
• InChI: 1S/C12H12N2O3/c1-2-12(8-6-4-3-5-7-8)9(15)13-11(17)14-10(12)16/h3-7H,2H2,1H3,(H2,13,14,15,16,17)
• InChIKey: DDBREPKUVSBGFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
• PubChem CID: 4763
• ChEBI ID: CHEBI:8069
• TTD Drug ID: D0Y7RW
• VARIDT ID: DR00471
• INTEDE ID: DR1275
• DrugBank ID: DB01174

Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Drug

  IDUE: Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux

  UAPP: Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Diseases

ICD-08: Nervous system diseases

Genetic epileptic syndromes [ICD-11: 8A61]

Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Key Molecule: Potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 10 (KCNJ10) [1]

• Molecule Alteration: SNP; rs12402969 C+ Genotypes CC+CT
• Sensitive Disease: Genetic generalized epilepsies [ICD-11: 8A61.0]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Genotyping assay
• Mechanism Description: By analyzing the association between KCNJ10 polymorphisms and anti-epileptic drug efficacy of GGEs we found the frequency of rs12402969 C allele and CC+CT genotypes were higher in GGEs drug responsive patients than that in drug resistant patients

Key Molecule: Potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 10 (KCNJ10) [1]

• Molecule Alteration: SNP; rs12402969 C+ Genotypes CC+CT
• Sensitive Disease: Genetic generalized epilepsies [ICD-11: 8A61.0]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Genotyping assay
• Mechanism Description: By analyzing the association between KCNJ10 polymorphisms and anti-epileptic drug efficacy of GGEs we found the frequency of rs12402969 C allele and CC+CT genotypes were higher in GGEs drug responsive patients than that in drug resistant patients

Status epilepticus [ICD-11: 8A66]

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)

Key Molecule: Multidrug resistance protein 1 (ABCB1) [2]

• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Resistant Disease: Status epilepticus [ICD-11: 8A66.0]
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Mechanism Description: Pgp is involved in the resistance to phenytoin and phenobarbital but not diazepam.

References

• Ref 1: Common variants of KCNJ10 are associated with susceptibility and anti-epileptic drug resistance in Chinese genetic generalized epilepsies .PLoS One. 2015 Apr 13;10(4):e0124896. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124896. eCollection 2015. 10.1371/journal.pone.0124896
• Ref 2: Mechanisms of drug resistance in status epilepticus .Epilepsia. 2007;48 Suppl 8:74-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01357.x. 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01357.x