Molecule Information

General Information of the Molecule (ID: Mol04460)

Name	Biofilms ,Homo sapiens
Synonyms	Biofilms Click to Show/Hide
Molecule Type	Peptidoglycan
*Click to Show/Hide the Complete Species Lineage*
Kingdom: Metazoa Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Homo sapiens

Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Molecule

IDUE: Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Drug

Approved Drug(s)

2 drug(s) in total

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Gentamicin

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Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)		Click to Show/Hide
Disease Class: staphylococcal infection [ICD-11: 1B5Z]			[1]
Resistant Disease	staphylococcal infection [ICD-11: 1B5Z]		Disease Info
Resistant Drug	Gentamicin		Drug Info
Experimental Note	Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
In Vitro Model	S. aureus ATCC 12600, L1101		5833
	S. epidermidis ATCC 35984, L1116		5833
Experiment for Molecule Alteration	Gene expression analysis
Experiment for Drug Resistance	Susceptibility testing; Adherent bacteria count assay; MBEC assay; Scanning electron microscopy assay; Membrane fluidity assay
Mechanism Description	Gentamicin-ketorolac (GS-KT) combination demonstrated synergistic antibacterial action against planktonic Staphylococci. Control and clinical strains showed distinct biofilm growth dynamics and an increase in biofilm maturity was shown to confer further resistance to gentamicin for both 'low-risk' and 'high-risk' biofilms. The addition of ketorolac enhanced the antibiofilm activity of gentamicin against acquired resistance in staphylococcal biofilms. Mechanistic studies revealed that the synergistic action of gentamicin-ketorolac interferes with biofilm morphology and subverts bacterial stress response altering bacterial physiology, membrane dynamics, and biofilm properties.

Ketorolac

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Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)		Click to Show/Hide
Disease Class: staphylococcal infection [ICD-11: 1B5Z]			[1]
Sensitive Disease	staphylococcal infection [ICD-11: 1B5Z]		Disease Info
Sensitive Drug	Ketorolac		Drug Info
Experimental Note	Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
In Vitro Model	S. aureus ATCC 12600, L1101		5833
	S. epidermidis ATCC 35984, L1116		5833
Experiment for Molecule Alteration	Gene expression analysis
Experiment for Drug Resistance	Susceptibility testing; Adherent bacteria count assay; MBEC assay; Scanning electron microscopy assay; Membrane fluidity assay
Mechanism Description	Gentamicin-ketorolac (GS-KT) combination demonstrated synergistic antibacterial action against planktonic Staphylococci. Control and clinical strains showed distinct biofilm growth dynamics and an increase in biofilm maturity was shown to confer further resistance to gentamicin for both 'low-risk' and 'high-risk' biofilms. The addition of ketorolac enhanced the antibiofilm activity of gentamicin against acquired resistance in staphylococcal biofilms. Mechanistic studies revealed that the synergistic action of gentamicin-ketorolac interferes with biofilm morphology and subverts bacterial stress response altering bacterial physiology, membrane dynamics, and biofilm properties.

References

Ref 1	Synergistic use of anti-inflammatory ketorolac and gentamicin to target staphylococcal biofilms. J Transl Med. 2024 Jan 25;22(1):102.
Ref 2	Quinic acid enhances kanamycin efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Microb Pathog. 2025 Jan;198:107145.