Disease Information

General Information of the Disease (ID: DIS00556)

• Name: Staphylococcal or streptococcal diseases
• ICD: ICD-11: 1B5Z

Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Disease

  IDUE: Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Drug

Approved Drug(s) 2 drug(s) in total

Gentamicin

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)

Key Molecule: Biofilms [1]

• Resistant Disease: staphylococcal infection [ICD-11: 1B5Z]
• Resistant Drug: Gentamicin
• Molecule Alteration: .; .
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: S. aureus ATCC 12600, L1101; 5833
• In Vitro Model: S. epidermidis ATCC 35984, L1116; 5833
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Gene expression analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Susceptibility testing; Adherent bacteria count assay; MBEC assay; Scanning electron microscopy assay; Membrane fluidity assay
• Mechanism Description: Gentamicin-ketorolac (GS-KT) combination demonstrated synergistic antibacterial action against planktonic Staphylococci. Control and clinical strains showed distinct biofilm growth dynamics and an increase in biofilm maturity was shown to confer further resistance to gentamicin for both 'low-risk' and 'high-risk' biofilms. The addition of ketorolac enhanced the antibiofilm activity of gentamicin against acquired resistance in staphylococcal biofilms. Mechanistic studies revealed that the synergistic action of gentamicin-ketorolac interferes with biofilm morphology and subverts bacterial stress response altering bacterial physiology, membrane dynamics, and biofilm properties.

Ketorolac

Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE)

Key Molecule: Biofilms [1]

• Sensitive Disease: staphylococcal infection [ICD-11: 1B5Z]
• Sensitive Drug: Ketorolac
• Molecule Alteration: .; .
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: S. aureus ATCC 12600, L1101; 5833
• In Vitro Model: S. epidermidis ATCC 35984, L1116; 5833
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Gene expression analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Susceptibility testing; Adherent bacteria count assay; MBEC assay; Scanning electron microscopy assay; Membrane fluidity assay
• Mechanism Description: Gentamicin-ketorolac (GS-KT) combination demonstrated synergistic antibacterial action against planktonic Staphylococci. Control and clinical strains showed distinct biofilm growth dynamics and an increase in biofilm maturity was shown to confer further resistance to gentamicin for both 'low-risk' and 'high-risk' biofilms. The addition of ketorolac enhanced the antibiofilm activity of gentamicin against acquired resistance in staphylococcal biofilms. Mechanistic studies revealed that the synergistic action of gentamicin-ketorolac interferes with biofilm morphology and subverts bacterial stress response altering bacterial physiology, membrane dynamics, and biofilm properties.

References

• Ref 1: Synergistic use of anti-inflammatory ketorolac and gentamicin to target staphylococcal biofilms. J Transl Med. 2024 Jan 25;22(1):102.