Drug (ID: DG00065) and It's Reported Resistant Information
Name
Pentamidine
Synonyms
Lomidine; Nebupent; PENTAM; PNT; Pentacarinat; Pentamide; Pentamidin; Pentamidina; Pentamidinum; Pneumopent; PENTAMIDINE ISETHIONATE; Pentamidina [DCIT]; Pentamidine isetionate; Pentamidine mesylate; MB 800; Pentam 300; Lomidine (TN); MB-800; Nebupent (as isethionate); Pentacarinat (as isethionate); Pentam 300 (as isethionate); Pentamidine (INN); Pentamidinum [INN-Latin]; RP-2512; Nebupent (*Isethionate); Pentacarinat (*Isethionate); Pentam 300 (*Isethionate); Pentamidine Isethionate 2-Hydroxy-Ethanesulfonic Acid;Pentamidine [INN:BAN:DCF]; RP 2512 (*Isethionate); P,p'-(Pentamethylenedioxy)bis[benzamidine]; P,p'-(Pentamethylenedioxy)dibenzamidine; P,p'-(Pentamethylene-dioxy)bis-benzamidine; Benzenecarboximidamide, 4,4'-(1,5-pentanediylbis(oxy))bis-(9CI); 1,3-BIS(4-AMIDINOPHENOXY)PENTANE; 4, 4'-Diamidinodiphenoxypentane; 4,4'-(1,5-Pentanediylbis(oxy))bis-benzenecarboximidamide; 4,4'-(Pentamethylenedioxy)dibenzamide; 4,4'-(Pentamethylenedioxy)dibenzamidine; 4,4'-Diamidino-.alpha.,.omega.-diphenoxypentane; 4,4'-Diamidinodiphenoxypentane; 4,4'-[pentane-1,5-diylbis(oxy)]dibenzenecarboximidamide; 4-[5-(4-Carbamimidoylphenoxy)pentoxy]benzenecarboximidamide
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Indication
In total 2 Indication(s)
Human immunodeficiency virus disease [ICD-11: 1C60-1C62]
Withdrawn from market
[1]
Fungal infection [ICD-11: 1F29-1F2F]
Approved
[1]
Structure
Drug Resistance Disease(s)
Disease(s) with Clinically Reported Resistance for This Drug (1 diseases)
Pneumonia [ICD-11: CA40]
[1]
Disease(s) with Resistance Information Validated by in-vivo Model for This Drug (1 diseases)
African trypanosomiasis [ICD-11: 1F51]
[2]
Target Tryptase alpha/beta-1 (Tryptase) TRYB1_HUMAN [1]
Click to Show/Hide the Molecular Information and External Link(s) of This Drug
Formula
C19H24N4O2
IsoSMILES
C1=CC(=CC=C1C(=N)N)OCCCCCOC2=CC=C(C=C2)C(=N)N
InChI
1S/C19H24N4O2/c20-18(21)14-4-8-16(9-5-14)24-12-2-1-3-13-25-17-10-6-15(7-11-17)19(22)23/h4-11H,1-3,12-13H2,(H3,20,21)(H3,22,23)
InChIKey
XDRYMKDFEDOLFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
PubChem CID
4735
ChEBI ID
CHEBI:45081
TTD Drug ID
D05EAM
VARIDT ID
DR00085
DrugBank ID
DB00738
Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Drug
  IDUE: Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux
  UAPP: Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Diseases
ICD-01: Infectious/parasitic diseases
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African trypanosomiasis [ICD-11: 1F51]
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Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Irregularity in Drug Uptake and Drug Efflux (IDUE) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: High-affinity pentamidine transporter (HAPT1) [2]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Down-regulation
Resistant Disease African trypanosomiasis [ICD-11: 1F51.0]
Experimental Note Discovered Using In-vivo Testing Model
In Vitro Model Trypanosoma brucei strain 5691
Mechanism Description While a high level of resistance to diminazene was observed, the resistance factor for pentamidine and the melaminophenyl arsenicals were only two to threefold, significantly less than the arsenical-pentamidine cross-resistant strains generated in the laboratory. Thus, it was clear that at least one additional transporter must contribute to the cross-resistance phenotype. The prime candidate was the high-affinity pentamidine transporter (HAPT1), an activity recorded in bloodstream-form T. brucei using low nanomolar concentrations of [3H]-pentamidine. Melarsoprol also appears to be a substrate for HAPT1 and selection for increased resistance to pentamidine or melarsoprol in Tbat1 null cells led to specific loss of HAPT1 activity.
Key Molecule: Aquaporin 2 (AQP2) [3]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Down-regulation
Resistant Disease African trypanosomiasis [ICD-11: 1F51.0]
Experimental Note Discovered Using In-vivo Testing Model
In Vitro Model African trypanosomiasis strain N.A.
Mechanism Description The laboratory studies above showed that uptake of both melarsoprol and pentamidine by trypanosomes is under the control of both the P2 adenosine transporter and AQP2. These studies were extended to additional T. b. brucei, T. b. gambiense, and T. b. rhodesiense cross-resistant laboratory-selected strains, which all revealed either chimeric AQP2/3 genes or complete loss of AQP2.
Key Molecule: Aquaporin 2/3 (AQP2/3) [3]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
Resistant Disease African trypanosomiasis [ICD-11: 1F51.0]
Experimental Note Discovered Using In-vivo Testing Model
In Vitro Model African trypanosomiasis strain N.A.
Mechanism Description The laboratory studies above showed that uptake of both melarsoprol and pentamidine by trypanosomes is under the control of both the P2 adenosine transporter and AQP2. These studies were extended to additional T. b. brucei, T. b. gambiense, and T. b. rhodesiense cross-resistant laboratory-selected strains, which all revealed either chimeric AQP2/3 genes or complete loss of AQP2.
       Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 1 (TbAT1) [2]
Molecule Alteration Expression
Down-regulation
Resistant Disease African trypanosomiasis [ICD-11: 1F51.0]
Experimental Note Discovered Using In-vivo Testing Model
In Vitro Model Trypanosoma brucei strain 5691
Mechanism Description Reduced uptake and cross-resistance were apparently explained by the findings that melamine-based arsenicals and diamidines are imported into trypanosomes by the same transporter, and that this transporter is defective in drug-resistant cells. The transporter was called P2 (purine transporter 2) as its physiological substrates are adenine and adenosine, both of which compete with melarsoprol for uptake and can protect trypanosomes from melarsoprol-induced lysis.
ICD-12: Respiratory system diseases
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Pneumonia [ICD-11: CA40]
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Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Key Molecule: Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) [1]
Molecule Alteration Missense mutation
p.D153V
Resistant Disease Pneumocystis jirovecii infection [ICD-11: CA40.6]
Experimental Note Identified from the Human Clinical Data
In Vitro Model Pneumocystis jirovecii strain 42068
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration
PCR amplification and sequence analysis
Experiment for
Drug Resistance
Multivariate analysis of overall survival or disease-free survival assay
Mechanism Description Amino acid changes in DHFR may contribute to P. jirovecii emerging drug (Trimethoprim, Pyrimethamine) resistance.
References
Ref 1 Mutations of Pneumocystis jirovecii dihydrofolate reductase associated with failure of prophylaxis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Nov;48(11):4301-5. doi: 10.1128/AAC.48.11.4301-4305.2004.
Ref 2 Drug resistance in African trypanosomiasis: the melarsoprol and pentamidine story .Trends Parasitol. 2013 Mar;29(3):110-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.12.005. Epub 2013 Jan 30. 10.1016/j.pt.2012.12.005
Ref 3 Melarsoprol Resistance in African Trypanosomiasis .Trends Parasitol. 2018 Jun;34(6):481-492. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.04.002. Epub 2018 Apr 25. 10.1016/j.pt.2018.04.002

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