Molecule Information

General Information of the Molecule (ID: Mol00386)

• Name: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ,Homo sapiens
• Synonyms: G6PD
• Molecule Type: Protein
• Gene Name: G6PD
• Gene ID: 2539
• Location: chrX:154517825-154547572[-]
• Sequence:
  MAEQVALSRTQVCGILREELFQGDAFHQSDTHIFIIMGASGDLAKKKIYPTIWWLFRDGL
  LPENTFIVGYARSRLTVADIRKQSEPFFKATPEEKLKLEDFFARNSYVAGQYDDAASYQR
  LNSHMNALHLGSQANRLFYLALPPTVYEAVTKNIHESCMSQIGWNRIIVEKPFGRDLQSS
  DRLSNHISSLFREDQIYRIDHYLGKEMVQNLMVLRFANRIFGPIWNRDNIACVILTFKEP
  FGTEGRGGYFDEFGIIRDVMQNHLLQMLCLVAMEKPASTNSDDVRDEKVKVLKCISEVQA
  NNVVLGQYVGNPDGEGEATKGYLDDPTVPRGSTTATFAAVVLYVENERWDGVPFILRCGK
  ALNERKAEVRLQFHDVAGDIFHQQCKRNELVIRVQPNEAVYTKMMTKKPGMFFNPEESEL
  DLTYGNRYKNVKLPDAYERLILDVFCGSQMHFVRSDELREAWRIFTPLLHQIELEKPKPI
  PYIYGSRGPTEADELMKRVGFQYEGTYKWVNPHKL
• 3D-structure: PDB ID: 7SNH; Classification: Oxidoreductase; Method: Electron microscopy; Resolution: 2.20 Å
• Function: Catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway, which represents a route for the dissimilation of carbohydrates besides glycolysis. The main function of this enzyme is to provide reducing power (NADPH) and pentose phosphates for fatty acid and nucleic acid synthesis.
• Uniprot ID: G6PD_HUMAN
• Ensembl ID: ENSG00000160211
• HGNC ID: HGNC:4057

Kingdom: Metazoa
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Homo sapiens

Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Molecule

  MRAP: Metabolic Reprogramming via Altered Pathways

  UAPP: Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Drug

Approved Drug(s) 5 drug(s) in total

Irinotecan

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Metabolic Reprogramming via Altered Pathways (MRAP)

Disease Class: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C10.0] [1]

• Metabolic Type: Glucose metabolism
• Resistant Disease: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C10.0]
• Resistant Drug: Irinotecan
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation

Differential expression of the molecule in resistant disease

• Classification of Disease: Pancreatic cancer [ICD-11: 2C10]
• The Specified Disease: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
• The Studied Tissue: Pancreas
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 3.01E-17; Fold-change: 4.09E-01; Z-score: 9.54E+00
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes; Activation; hsa04261
• In Vivo Model: Female SCID mice of 6-week-old, with fresh tissue from patient; Mice
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: qRT-PCR; Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Tumor volume assay
• Mechanism Description: Glucomet-PDACs are more resistant to chemotherapy than lipomet-PDACs, and patients with glucomet-PDAC have a worse prognosis. Integrated analyses reveal that the GLUT1/aldolase B (ALDOB)/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) axis induces chemotherapy resistance by remodeling glucose metabolism in glucomet-PDAC. Increased glycolytic flux, G6PD activity, and pyrimidine biosynthesis are identified in glucomet-PDAC with high GLUT1 and low ALDOB expression, and these phenotypes could be reversed by inhibiting GLUT1 expression or by increasing ALDOB expression.

Disease Class: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C10.0] [1]

• Metabolic Type: Glucose metabolism
• Resistant Disease: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C10.0]
• Resistant Drug: Irinotecan
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation

Differential expression of the molecule in resistant disease

• Classification of Disease: Pancreatic cancer [ICD-11: 2C10]
• The Specified Disease: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
• The Studied Tissue: Pancreas
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 3.01E-17; Fold-change: 4.09E-01; Z-score: 9.54E+00
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes; Activation; hsa04261
• In Vivo Model: HCC patients; Homo Sapiens
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: qRT-PCR; Western blot analysis
• Mechanism Description: Glucomet-PDACs are more resistant to chemotherapy than lipomet-PDACs, and patients with glucomet-PDAC have a worse prognosis. Integrated analyses reveal that the GLUT1/aldolase B (ALDOB)/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) axis induces chemotherapy resistance by remodeling glucose metabolism in glucomet-PDAC. Increased glycolytic flux, G6PD activity, and pyrimidine biosynthesis are identified in glucomet-PDAC with high GLUT1 and low ALDOB expression, and these phenotypes could be reversed by inhibiting GLUT1 expression or by increasing ALDOB expression.

Fluorouracil

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Metabolic Reprogramming via Altered Pathways (MRAP)

Disease Class: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C10.0] [1]

• Metabolic Type: Glucose metabolism
• Resistant Disease: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C10.0]
• Resistant Drug: Fluorouracil
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation

Differential expression of the molecule in resistant disease

• Classification of Disease: Pancreatic cancer [ICD-11: 2C10]
• The Specified Disease: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
• The Studied Tissue: Pancreas
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 3.01E-17; Fold-change: 4.09E-01; Z-score: 9.54E+00
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes; Activation; hsa04261
• In Vivo Model: Female SCID mice of 6-week-old, with fresh tissue from patient; Mice
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: qRT-PCR; Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Tumor volume assay
• Mechanism Description: Glucomet-PDACs are more resistant to chemotherapy than lipomet-PDACs, and patients with glucomet-PDAC have a worse prognosis. Integrated analyses reveal that the GLUT1/aldolase B (ALDOB)/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) axis induces chemotherapy resistance by remodeling glucose metabolism in glucomet-PDAC. Increased glycolytic flux, G6PD activity, and pyrimidine biosynthesis are identified in glucomet-PDAC with high GLUT1 and low ALDOB expression, and these phenotypes could be reversed by inhibiting GLUT1 expression or by increasing ALDOB expression.

Disease Class: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C10.0] [1]

• Metabolic Type: Glucose metabolism
• Resistant Disease: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C10.0]
• Resistant Drug: Fluorouracil
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation

Differential expression of the molecule in resistant disease

• Classification of Disease: Pancreatic cancer [ICD-11: 2C10]
• The Specified Disease: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
• The Studied Tissue: Pancreas
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 3.01E-17; Fold-change: 4.09E-01; Z-score: 9.54E+00
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes; Activation; hsa04261
• In Vivo Model: HCC patients; Homo Sapiens
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: qRT-PCR; Western blot analysis
• Mechanism Description: Glucomet-PDACs are more resistant to chemotherapy than lipomet-PDACs, and patients with glucomet-PDAC have a worse prognosis. Integrated analyses reveal that the GLUT1/aldolase B (ALDOB)/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) axis induces chemotherapy resistance by remodeling glucose metabolism in glucomet-PDAC. Increased glycolytic flux, G6PD activity, and pyrimidine biosynthesis are identified in glucomet-PDAC with high GLUT1 and low ALDOB expression, and these phenotypes could be reversed by inhibiting GLUT1 expression or by increasing ALDOB expression.

Disease Class: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C10.0] [1]

• Metabolic Type: Glucose metabolism
• Resistant Disease: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C10.0]
• Resistant Drug: Fluorouracil
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation

Differential expression of the molecule in resistant disease

• Classification of Disease: Pancreatic cancer [ICD-11: 2C10]
• The Specified Disease: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
• The Studied Tissue: Pancreas
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 3.01E-17; Fold-change: 4.09E-01; Z-score: 9.54E+00
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes; Activation; hsa04261
• In Vivo Model: HCC patients; Homo Sapiens
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: qRT-PCR; Western blot analysis
• Mechanism Description: Glucomet-PDACs are more resistant to chemotherapy than lipomet-PDACs, and patients with glucomet-PDAC have a worse prognosis. Integrated analyses reveal that the GLUT1/aldolase B (ALDOB)/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) axis induces chemotherapy resistance by remodeling glucose metabolism in glucomet-PDAC. Increased glycolytic flux, G6PD activity, and pyrimidine biosynthesis are identified in glucomet-PDAC with high GLUT1 and low ALDOB expression, and these phenotypes could be reversed by inhibiting GLUT1 expression or by increasing ALDOB expression.

Oxaliplatin

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Metabolic Reprogramming via Altered Pathways (MRAP)

Disease Class: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C10.0] [1]

• Metabolic Type: Glucose metabolism
• Resistant Disease: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C10.0]
• Resistant Drug: Oxaliplatin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation

Differential expression of the molecule in resistant disease

• Classification of Disease: Pancreatic cancer [ICD-11: 2C10]
• The Specified Disease: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
• The Studied Tissue: Pancreas
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 3.01E-17; Fold-change: 4.09E-01; Z-score: 9.54E+00
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes; Activation; hsa04261
• In Vivo Model: HCC patients; Homo Sapiens
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: qRT-PCR; Western blot analysis
• Mechanism Description: Glucomet-PDACs are more resistant to chemotherapy than lipomet-PDACs, and patients with glucomet-PDAC have a worse prognosis. Integrated analyses reveal that the GLUT1/aldolase B (ALDOB)/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) axis induces chemotherapy resistance by remodeling glucose metabolism in glucomet-PDAC. Increased glycolytic flux, G6PD activity, and pyrimidine biosynthesis are identified in glucomet-PDAC with high GLUT1 and low ALDOB expression, and these phenotypes could be reversed by inhibiting GLUT1 expression or by increasing ALDOB expression.

Disease Class: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C10.0] [1]

• Metabolic Type: Glucose metabolism
• Resistant Disease: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C10.0]
• Resistant Drug: Oxaliplatin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation

Differential expression of the molecule in resistant disease

• Classification of Disease: Pancreatic cancer [ICD-11: 2C10]
• The Specified Disease: Pancreatic cancer
• The Studied Tissue: Pancreas
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 1.65E-04; Fold-change: 2.06E-01; Z-score: 4.69E+00
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes; Activation; hsa04261
• In Vivo Model: Female SCID mice of 6-week-old, with fresh tissue from patient; Mice
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: qRT-PCR; Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Tumor volume assay
• Mechanism Description: Glucomet-PDACs are more resistant to chemotherapy than lipomet-PDACs, and patients with glucomet-PDAC have a worse prognosis. Integrated analyses reveal that the GLUT1/aldolase B (ALDOB)/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) axis induces chemotherapy resistance by remodeling glucose metabolism in glucomet-PDAC. Increased glycolytic flux, G6PD activity, and pyrimidine biosynthesis are identified in glucomet-PDAC with high GLUT1 and low ALDOB expression, and these phenotypes could be reversed by inhibiting GLUT1 expression or by increasing ALDOB expression.

Bortezomib

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Disease Class: Multiple myeloma [ICD-11: 2A83.0] [2]

• Resistant Disease: Multiple myeloma [ICD-11: 2A83.0]
• Resistant Drug: Bortezomib
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation

Differential expression of the molecule in resistant disease

• Classification of Disease: Multiple myeloma [ICD-11: 2A83]
• The Specified Disease: Myeloma
• The Studied Tissue: Bone marrow
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 1.85E-04; Fold-change: 1.21E-01; Z-score: 6.68E+00
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell proliferation; Activation; hsa05200
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Pentose phosphate signaling pathway; Activation; hsa00030
• In Vitro Model: NCI-H929 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_1600
• In Vitro Model: U266 cells; Bone marrow; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0566
• In Vitro Model: MM1S cells; Peripheral blood; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_8792
• In Vitro Model: OPM-2 cells; Peripheral blood; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_1625
• In Vitro Model: RPMI-8226/BTZ cells; Pancreas; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_XK17
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: CCK8 assay
• Mechanism Description: PDIA3P interacts with c-Myc to enhance its transactivation activity and binding to G6PD promoter, leading to increase of G6PD expression and PPP flux, promoting cell proliferation and drug resistance.

Cisplatin

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Disease Class: Ovarian cancer [ICD-11: 2C73.0] [3]

• Resistant Disease: Ovarian cancer [ICD-11: 2C73.0]
• Resistant Drug: Cisplatin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell proliferation; Activation; hsa05200
• In Vitro Model: A2780-DR cells; Ovary; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_EG64
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Clonogenic assay
• Mechanism Description: The Essential Role of H19 Contributing to Cisplatin Resistance by Regulating Glutathione Metabolism in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer.Additionally, we verified that different H19 expression levels in HGSC tissues showed strong correlation with cancer recurrence. H19 knockdown in A2780-DR cells resulted in recovery of cisplatin sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Quantitative proteomics analysis indicated that six NRF2-targeted proteins, including NQO1, GSR, G6PD, GCLC, GCLM and GSTP1 involved in the glutathione metabolism pathway, were reduced in H19-knockdown cells. Furthermore, H19-knockdown cells were markedly more sensitive to hydrogen-peroxide treatment and exhibited lower glutathione levels. Our results reveal a previously unknown link between H19 and glutathione metabolism in the regulation of cancer-drug resistance.

Disease- and Tissue-specific Abundances of This Molecule

ICD Disease Classification 02

Multiple myeloma [ICD-11: 2A83]

Differential expression of molecule in resistant diseases

• The Studied Tissue: Bone marrow
• The Specified Disease: Multiple myeloma
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 1.85E-04; Fold-change: 4.82E-01; Z-score: 2.02E+00
• The Studied Tissue: Peripheral blood
• The Specified Disease: Multiple myeloma
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 4.49E-01; Fold-change: -2.14E-01; Z-score: -7.78E-01

Ovarian cancer [ICD-11: 2C73]

Differential expression of molecule in resistant diseases

• The Studied Tissue: Ovary
• The Specified Disease: Ovarian cancer
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 4.54E-01; Fold-change: -8.98E-02; Z-score: -1.29E-01
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Adjacent Tissue: p-value: 7.67E-01; Fold-change: 5.94E-01; Z-score: 3.49E-01

References

• Ref 1: Metabolic classification suggests the GLUT1/ALDOB/G6PD axis as a therapeutic target in chemotherapy-resistant pancreatic cancer. Cell Rep Med. 2023 Sep 19;4(9):101162.
• Ref 2: LncRNA PDIA3P interacts with c-Myc to regulate cell proliferation via induction of pentose phosphate pathway in multiple myeloma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018 Mar 25;498(1):207-213. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.211. Epub 2018 Mar 1.
• Ref 3: The Essential Role of H19 Contributing to Cisplatin Resistance by Regulating Glutathione Metabolism in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Sci Rep. 2016 May 19;6:26093. doi: 10.1038/srep26093.