Molecule Information

General Information of the Molecule (ID: Mol00044)

• Name: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) ,Homo sapiens
• Synonyms: CDK-interacting protein 1; Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 6; MDA-6; p21; CAP20; CDKN1; CIP1; MDA6; PIC1; SDI1; WAF1
• Molecule Type: Protein
• Gene Name: CDKN1A
• Gene ID: 1026
• Location: chr6:36676460-36687337[+]
• Sequence:
  MSEPAGDVRQNPCGSKACRRLFGPVDSEQLSRDCDALMAGCIQEARERWNFDFVTETPLE
  GDFAWERVRGLGLPKLYLPTGPRRGRDELGGGRRPGTSPALLQGTAEEDHVDLSLSCTLV
  PRSGEQAEGSPGGPGDSQGRKRRQTSMTDFYHSKRRLIFSKRKP
• 3D-structure: PDB ID: 2ZVV; Classification: Dna binding protein; Method: X-ray diffraction; Resolution: 2.00 Å
• Function: May be involved in p53/TP53 mediated inhibition of cellular proliferation in response to DNA damage. Binds to and inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase activity, preventing phosphorylation of critical cyclin-dependent kinase substrates and blocking cell cycle progression. Functions in the nuclear localization and assembly of cyclin D-CDK4 complex and promotes its kinase activity towards RB1. At higher stoichiometric ratios, inhibits the kinase activity of the cyclin D-CDK4 complex. Inhibits DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase delta by competing with POLD3 for PCNA binding. Plays an important role in controlling cell cycle progression and DNA damage-induced G2 arrest.
• Uniprot ID: CDN1A_HUMAN
• Ensembl ID: ENSG00000124762
• HGNC ID: HGNC:1784

Kingdom: Metazoa
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Homo sapiens

Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Molecule

  UAPP: Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Drug

Approved Drug(s) 6 drug(s) in total

Cisplatin

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Disease Class: Lung adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C25.0] [1]

• Resistant Disease: Lung adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C25.0]
• Resistant Drug: Cisplatin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation

Differential expression of the molecule in resistant disease

• Classification of Disease: Lung cancer [ICD-11: 2C25]
• The Specified Disease: Lung adenocarcinoma
• The Studied Tissue: Lung tissue
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 2.79E-01; Fold-change: -7.82E-02; Z-score: -1.08E+00
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell apoptosis; Inhibition; hsa04210
• Cell Pathway Regulation: p21; Regulation; N.A.
• Cell Pathway Regulation: p21; Regulation; N.A.
• In Vitro Model: A549 cells; Lung; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0023
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: miR-224 could promote the in vitro and in vivo DDP resistance of LA cells via regulating G1/S cell cycle transition and apoptosis. p21WAF1/CIP1, a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, was identified as the direct and functional target gene of miR-224. Overexpression of p21WAF1/CIP1 could phenocopy the effect of miR-224 downregulation and silencing of p21WAF1/CIP1 could partially reverse the effect of miR-224 downregulation on DDP resistance of DDP-resistant LA cells. In addition, miR-224 could affect the G1/S transition of cell cycle and apoptosis in LA cells through the p21WAF1/CIP1-pRb pathway and the intrinsic mitochondrial death pathway. Furthermore, miR-224 was found to be downregulated in DDP-responding LA tissues, and its expression was inversely correlated with p21WAF1/CIP1. Multivariate analyses indicated that the status of miR-224 might be an independent prognostic factor for predicting the survival of LA patients.

Disease Class: Lung adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C25.0] [3]

• Resistant Disease: Lung adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C25.0]
• Resistant Drug: Cisplatin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation

Differential expression of the molecule in resistant disease

• Classification of Disease: Lung cancer [ICD-11: 2C25]
• The Specified Disease: Lung cancer
• The Studied Tissue: Lung tissue
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 9.38E-16; Fold-change: -8.94E-02; Z-score: -8.67E+00
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: A549 cells; Lung; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0023
• In Vitro Model: A549/DDP cells; Lung; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0023
• In Vivo Model: BALB/c nude mouse xenograft model; Mus musculus
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: Upregulation of HOTAIR contributes to the cisplatin resistance of LAD cells, at least in part, through the regulation of p21 expression.

Disease Class: Cervical cancer [ICD-11: 2C77.0] [6]

• Resistant Disease: Cervical cancer [ICD-11: 2C77.0]
• Resistant Drug: Cisplatin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell proliferation; Activation; hsa05200
• In Vitro Model: Hela cells; Cervix uteri; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0030
• In Vitro Model: HeLa/DDP cells; Uterus; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_C869
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: CCK8 assay; EdU assay; Flow cytometric analysis
• Mechanism Description: UCA1 suppressed apoptosis by downregulating caspase 3 and upregulating CDk2, whereas enhanced cell proliferation by increased level of survivin and decreased level of p21.

Drug Sensitivity Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Disease Class: Lung cancer [ICD-11: 2C25.5] [2]

• Sensitive Disease: Lung cancer [ICD-11: 2C25.5]
• Sensitive Drug: Cisplatin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation

Differential expression of the molecule in resistant disease

• Classification of Disease: Lung cancer [ICD-11: 2C25]
• The Specified Disease: Lung cancer
• The Studied Tissue: Lung tissue
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 2.79E-01; Fold-change: -7.82E-02; Z-score: -1.08E+00
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell apoptosis; Activation; hsa04210
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell proliferation; Inhibition; hsa05200
• Cell Pathway Regulation: NER signaling pathway; Regulation; N.A.
• In Vitro Model: A549 cells; Lung; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0023
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Alamar blue assay; EdU cell proliferation assay
• Mechanism Description: miR-33-3b-3p exerted a critical role in modulating the cisplatin sensitivity of lung cancer cells, which might probably through suppressing the p21 expression.

Bromocriptine

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Disease Class: Prolactin-secreting adenoma [ICD-11: 2F37.Y] [5]

• Resistant Disease: Prolactin-secreting adenoma [ICD-11: 2F37.Y]
• Resistant Drug: Bromocriptine
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell invasion; Activation; hsa05200
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell migration; Activation; hsa04670
• In Vitro Model: C4-2 cells; Prostate; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_4782
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: CCK-8 assay
• Mechanism Description: Knockdown of mir-93 increased the sensitivity of MMQ cells to bromocriptine treatment, and these effects were abolished when p21 was knocked-down using siRNA.

Cabergoline

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Disease Class: Prolactin-secreting adenoma [ICD-11: 2F37.Y] [5]

• Resistant Disease: Prolactin-secreting adenoma [ICD-11: 2F37.Y]
• Resistant Drug: Cabergoline
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell proliferation; Activation; hsa05200
• In Vitro Model: C4-2 cells; Prostate; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_4782
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: CCK-8 assay
• Mechanism Description: Knockdown of mir-93 increased the sensitivity of MMQ cells to bromocriptine treatment, and these effects were abolished when p21 was knocked-down using siRNA.

Eribulin

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Disease Class: Breast adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C60.1] [4]

• Resistant Disease: Breast adenocarcinoma [ICD-11: 2C60.1]
• Resistant Drug: Eribulin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Notch signaling pathway; Activation; hsa04330
• Cell Pathway Regulation: JAK-STAT signaling pathway; Activation; hsa04630
• In Vitro Model: MCF-7 ER cells; Breast; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Annexin V/PI assay; MTT assay
• Mechanism Description: We confirmed that BYL-719 could inhibit BCSC-like cell proliferation in 3D cultures and that the stemness characteristics of BCSC-like cells were inhibited. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway could be inhibited by BYL-719, and the Notch, JAK-STAT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways which have crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are also inhibited. By comparing eribulin-resistant breast cancer cell lines, we confirmed that BYL-719 could effectively overcome drug resistance.

Idarubicin

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Disease Class: Acute myeloid leukemia [ICD-11: 2A60.0] [7]

• Resistant Disease: Acute myeloid leukemia [ICD-11: 2A60.0]
• Resistant Drug: Idarubicin
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Up-regulation
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: DNA Damage Response Mechanism; Regulation; N.A.
• In Vitro Model: MV-4-11 cells; Peripheral blood; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0064
• In Vitro Model: MOLM-13 cells; Peripheral blood; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_2119
• In Vitro Model: Kasumi-1 cells; Peripheral blood; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0589
• In Vitro Model: TF-1 cells; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0559
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: RT-qPCR; Western blot assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: MTT assay; Trypan blue assay; Clonogenicity assay; IC50 assay; Flow cytometry assay
• Mechanism Description: DNA Damage Response Mechanism (DDR) comprises numerous molecules and pathways intended to arrest the cell cycle until DNA damage is repaired or else drive the cell to apoptosis.DDR regulators demonstrate increased expression in patients with high cytogenetic risk possibly reflecting increased genotoxic stress.Using PCR arrays we observed an upregulation of of several DDR genes (CDKN1A, GADD45A, GADD45G, EXO1, and PPP1R15A) in KASUMI-1 and MV4-11 cell lines that survived following treatment with Idarubicin and Cytarabine.

Tamoxifen

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Disease Class: Breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.3] [8]

• Resistant Disease: Breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.3]
• Resistant Drug: Tamoxifen
• Molecule Alteration: Expression; Down-regulation
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell apoptosis; Inhibition; hsa04210
• Cell Pathway Regulation: Cell proliferation; Activation; hsa05200
• In Vitro Model: MCF-7 cells; Breast; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0031
• In Vitro Model: BT474 cells; Breast; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0179
• In Vitro Model: MCF7/TAMR cells; Breast; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_EG55
• In Vitro Model: CAMA-1 cells; Breast; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_1115
• In Vitro Model: HEK293 FT cells; Kidney; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_6911
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Western blot analysis
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Promega assay
• Mechanism Description: Tamoxifen-resistant cells express miRNA-519a at high levels, which directly represses the expression of PTEN, RB1, and CDkN1A, central nodes of a dense network, allowing the cells to proliferate, even in the presence of tamoxifen. miRNA-519a increases viability and S-phase population of the cell cycle, but does not affect EMT or invasion. miRNA-519a-expressing cells evade tamoxifen-induced apoptosis.

Disease- and Tissue-specific Abundances of This Molecule

ICD Disease Classification 02

Lung cancer [ICD-11: 2C25]

Differential expression of molecule in resistant diseases

• The Studied Tissue: Lung
• The Specified Disease: Lung cancer
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 9.38E-16; Fold-change: -5.57E-01; Z-score: -6.54E-01
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Adjacent Tissue: p-value: 2.03E-20; Fold-change: -1.02E+00; Z-score: -1.03E+00

Breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60]

Differential expression of molecule in resistant diseases

• The Studied Tissue: Breast tissue
• The Specified Disease: Breast cancer
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 2.34E-01; Fold-change: 1.70E-01; Z-score: 2.41E-01
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Adjacent Tissue: p-value: 5.31E-04; Fold-change: -4.08E-01; Z-score: -4.98E-01

Cervical cancer [ICD-11: 2C77]

Differential expression of molecule in resistant diseases

• The Studied Tissue: Cervix uteri
• The Specified Disease: Cervical cancer
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 1.13E-02; Fold-change: 4.46E-01; Z-score: 9.68E-01

Pituitary cancer [ICD-11: 2F37]

Differential expression of molecule in resistant diseases

• The Studied Tissue: Pituitary
• The Specified Disease: Pituitary cancer
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 2.02E-03; Fold-change: -1.79E+00; Z-score: -3.70E+00
• The Studied Tissue: Pituitary
• The Specified Disease: Pituitary gonadotrope tumor
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 1.09E-07; Fold-change: -2.58E+00; Z-score: -6.10E+00

References

• Ref 1: MiR-224 promotes the chemoresistance of human lung adenocarcinoma cells to cisplatin via regulating G /S transition and apoptosis by targeting p21(WAF1/CIP1). Br J Cancer. 2014 Jul 15;111(2):339-54. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2014.157. Epub 2014 Jun 12.
• Ref 2: DNA damage responsive miR-33b-3p promoted lung cancer cells survival and cisplatin resistance by targeting p21(WAF1/CIP1). Cell Cycle. 2016 Nov;15(21):2920-2930. doi: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1224043. Epub 2016 Aug 25.
• Ref 3: The long noncoding RNA HOTAIR contributes to cisplatin resistance of human lung adenocarcinoma cells via downregualtion of p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression. PLoS One. 2013 Oct 14;8(10):e77293. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077293. eCollection 2013.
• Ref 4: Effects of BYL-719 (alpelisib) on human breast cancer stem cells to overcome drug resistance in human breast cancer. Front Pharmacol. 2024 Oct 14;15:1443422.
• Ref 5: MicroRNA expression profile of bromocriptine-resistant prolactinomas .Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2014 Sep;395(1-2):10-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.07.014. Epub 2014 Jul 23. 10.1016/j.mce.2014.07.014
• Ref 6: Expression of Long Noncoding RNA Urothelial Cancer Associated 1 Promotes Cisplatin Resistance in Cervical Cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2017 Apr;32(3):101-110. doi: 10.1089/cbr.2016.2156.
• Ref 7: Silencing of the DNA damage repair regulator PPP1R15A sensitizes acute myeloid leukemia cells to chemotherapy. Ann Hematol. 2024 Aug;103(8):2853-2863.
• Ref 8: MicroRNA-519a is a novel oncomir conferring tamoxifen resistance by targeting a network of tumour-suppressor genes in ER+ breast cancer. J Pathol. 2014 Aug;233(4):368-79. doi: 10.1002/path.4363. Epub 2014 Jun 2.