Molecule Information

General Information of the Molecule (ID: Mol01906)

• Name: Protein kinase C alpha (PRKCA) ,Homo sapiens
• Synonyms: PRKCA; PKCA; PRKACA
• Molecule Type: Protein
• Gene Name: PRKCA
• Gene ID: 5578
• Location: chr17:66,302,613-66,810,743[+]
• Sequence:
  MADVFPGNDSTASQDVANRFARKGALRQKNVHEVKDHKFIARFFKQPTFCSHCTDFIWGF
  GKQGFQCQVCCFVVHKRCHEFVTFSCPGADKGPDTDDPRSKHKFKIHTYGSPTFCDHCGS
  LLYGLIHQGMKCDTCDMNVHKQCVINVPSLCGMDHTEKRGRIYLKAEVADEKLHVTVRDA
  KNLIPMDPNGLSDPYVKLKLIPDPKNESKQKTKTIRSTLNPQWNESFTFKLKPSDKDRRL
  SVEIWDWDRTTRNDFMGSLSFGVSELMKMPASGWYKLLNQEEGEYYNVPIPEGDEEGNME
  LRQKFEKAKLGPAGNKVISPSEDRKQPSNNLDRVKLTDFNFLMVLGKGSFGKVMLADRKG
  TEELYAIKILKKDVVIQDDDVECTMVEKRVLALLDKPPFLTQLHSCFQTVDRLYFVMEYV
  NGGDLMYHIQQVGKFKEPQAVFYAAEISIGLFFLHKRGIIYRDLKLDNVMLDSEGHIKIA
  DFGMCKEHMMDGVTTRTFCGTPDYIAPEIIAYQPYGKSVDWWAYGVLLYEMLAGQPPFDG
  EDEDELFQSIMEHNVSYPKSLSKEAVSVCKGLMTKHPAKRLGCGPEGERDVREHAFFRRI
  DWEKLENREIQPPFKPKVCGKGAENFDKFFTRGQPVLTPPDQLVIANIDQSDFEGFSYVN
  PQFVHPILQSAV
• Function: Calcium-activated, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that is involved in positive and negative regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration and adhesion, tumorigenesis, cardiac hypertrophy, angiogenesis, platelet function and inflammation, by directly phosphorylating targets such as RAF1, BCL2, CSPG4, TNNT2/CTNT, or activating signaling cascade involving MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) and RAP1GAP. Involved in cell proliferation and cell growth arrest by positive and negative regulation of the cell cycle. Can promote cell growth by phosphorylating and activating RAF1, which mediates the activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling cascade, and/or by up-regulating CDKN1A, which facilitates active cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complex formation in glioma cells. In intestinal cells stimulated by the phorbol ester PMA, can trigger a cell cycle arrest program which is associated with the accumulation of the hyper-phosphorylated growth-suppressive form of RB1 and induction of the CDK inhibitors CDKN1A and CDKN1B. Exhibits anti-apoptotic function in glioma cells and protects them from apoptosis by suppressing the p53/TP53-mediated activation of IGFBP3, and in leukemia cells mediates anti-apoptotic action by phosphorylating BCL2. During macrophage differentiation induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1), is translocated to the nucleus and is associated with macrophage development. After wounding, translocates from focal contacts to lamellipodia and participates in the modulation of desmosomal adhesion. Plays a role in cell motility by phosphorylating CSPG4, which induces association of CSPG4 with extensive lamellipodia at the cell periphery and polarization of the cell accompanied by increases in cell motility. During chemokine-induced CD4(+) T cell migration, phosphorylates CDC42-guanine exchange factor DOCK8 resulting in its dissociation from LRCH1 and the activation of GTPase CDC42. Is highly expressed in a number of cancer cells where it can act as a tumor promoter and is implicated in malignant phenotypes of several tumors such as gliomas and breast cancers. Negatively regulates myocardial contractility and positively regulates angiogenesis, platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in arteries. Mediates hypertrophic growth of neonatal cardiomyocytes, in part through a MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2)-dependent signaling pathway, and upon PMA treatment, is required to induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy up to heart failure and death, by increasing protein synthesis, protein-DNA ratio and cell surface area. Regulates cardiomyocyte function by phosphorylating cardiac troponin T (TNNT2/CTNT), which induces significant reduction in actomyosin ATPase activity, myofilament calcium sensitivity and myocardial contractility. In angiogenesis, is required for full endothelial cell migration, adhesion to vitronectin (VTN), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA)-dependent regulation of kinase activation and vascular tube formation. Involved in the stabilization of VEGFA mRNA at post-transcriptional level and mediates VEGFA-induced cell proliferation. In the regulation of calcium-induced platelet aggregation, mediates signals from the CD36/GP4 receptor for granule release, and activates the integrin heterodimer ITGA2B-ITGB3 through the RAP1GAP pathway for adhesion. During response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS), may regulate selective LPS-induced macrophage functions involved in host defense and inflammation. But in some inflammatory responses, may negatively regulate NF-kappa-B-induced genes, through IL1A-dependent induction of NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA/IKBA). Upon stimulation with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), phosphorylates EIF4G1, which modulates EIF4G1 binding to MKNK1 and may be involved in the regulation of EIF4E phosphorylation. Phosphorylates KIT, leading to inhibition of KIT activity. Phosphorylates ATF2 which promotes cooperation between ATF2 and JUN, activating transcription. Phosphorylates SOCS2 at 'Ser-52' facilitating its ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation.
• Uniprot ID: KPCA_HUMAN
• Ensembl ID: ENSG00000154229
• HGNC ID: HGNC:9393

Kingdom: Metazoa
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Homo sapiens

Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Molecule

  UAPP: Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Drug

Approved Drug(s) 2 drug(s) in total

Conivaptan

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Disease Class: Solid tumour/cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: Solid tumour/cancer [ICD-11: 2A00-2F9Z]
• Resistant Drug: Conivaptan
• Molecule Alteration: Function; Inhibition
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: ATCC 293T cells; Fetal kidney; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0063
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Resazurin assay
• Mechanism Description: HMOX1, PRKCA, and NEIL2 contribute to anthracycline resistance within the more complex MDR phenotype, while P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 overexpression causes not only anthracycline resistance but also resistance to other anticancer drug classes. Conivaptan has the potential to be used as the dual inhibitor of HMOX1 and PRKCA, whereas bexarotene has the potential as an HMOX1 inhibitor and desloratadine as a PRKCA inhibitor.

Desloratadine

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Disease Class: Solid tumour/cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: Solid tumour/cancer [ICD-11: 2A00-2F9Z]
• Resistant Drug: Desloratadine
• Molecule Alteration: Function; Inhibition
• Experimental Note: Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
• In Vitro Model: ATCC 293T cells; Fetal kidney; Homo sapiens (Human); CVCL_0063
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Resazurin assay
• Mechanism Description: HMOX1, PRKCA, and NEIL2 contribute to anthracycline resistance within the more complex MDR phenotype, while P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 overexpression causes not only anthracycline resistance but also resistance to other anticancer drug classes. Conivaptan has the potential to be used as the dual inhibitor of HMOX1 and PRKCA, whereas bexarotene has the potential as an HMOX1 inhibitor and desloratadine as a PRKCA inhibitor.

References

• Ref 1: Identification of Novel Anthracycline Resistance Genes and Their Inhibitors .Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021 Oct 16;14(10):1051. doi: 10.3390/ph14101051. 10.3390/ph14101051