Molecule Information

General Information of the Molecule (ID: Mol00503)

• Name: DNA mismatch repair protein Mlh1 (MLH1) ,Homo sapiens
• Synonyms: MutL protein homolog 1; COCA2
• Molecule Type: Protein
• Gene Name: MLH1
• Gene ID: 4292
• Location: chr3:36993350-37050846[+]
• Sequence:
  MSFVAGVIRRLDETVVNRIAAGEVIQRPANAIKEMIENCLDAKSTSIQVIVKEGGLKLIQ
  IQDNGTGIRKEDLDIVCERFTTSKLQSFEDLASISTYGFRGEALASISHVAHVTITTKTA
  DGKCAYRASYSDGKLKAPPKPCAGNQGTQITVEDLFYNIATRRKALKNPSEEYGKILEVV
  GRYSVHNAGISFSVKKQGETVADVRTLPNASTVDNIRSIFGNAVSRELIEIGCEDKTLAF
  KMNGYISNANYSVKKCIFLLFINHRLVESTSLRKAIETVYAAYLPKNTHPFLYLSLEISP
  QNVDVNVHPTKHEVHFLHEESILERVQQHIESKLLGSNSSRMYFTQTLLPGLAGPSGEMV
  KSTTSLTSSSTSGSSDKVYAHQMVRTDSREQKLDAFLQPLSKPLSSQPQAIVTEDKTDIS
  SGRARQQDEEMLELPAPAEVAAKNQSLEGDTTKGTSEMSEKRGPTSSNPRKRHREDSDVE
  MVEDDSRKEMTAACTPRRRIINLTSVLSLQEEINEQGHEVLREMLHNHSFVGCVNPQWAL
  AQHQTKLYLLNTTKLSEELFYQILIYDFANFGVLRLSEPAPLFDLAMLALDSPESGWTEE
  DGPKEGLAEYIVEFLKKKAEMLADYFSLEIDEEGNLIGLPLLIDNYVPPLEGLPIFILRL
  ATEVNWDEEKECFESLSKECAMFYSIRKQYISEESTLSGQQSEVPGSIPNSWKWTVEHIV
  YKALRSHILPPKHFTEDGNILQLANLPDLYKVFERC
• Function: Heterodimerizes with PMS2 to form MutL alpha, a component of the post-replicative DNA mismatch repair system (MMR). DNA repair is initiated by MutS alpha (MSH2-MSH6) or MutS beta (MSH2-MSH3) binding to a dsDNA mismatch, then MutL alpha is recruited to the heteroduplex. Assembly of the MutL-MutS-heteroduplex ternary complex in presence of RFC and PCNA is sufficient to activate endonuclease activity of PMS2. It introduces single-strand breaks near the mismatch and thus generates new entry points for the exonuclease EXO1 to degrade the strand containing the mismatch. DNA methylation would prevent cleavage and therefore assure that only the newly mutated DNA strand is going to be corrected. MutL alpha (MLH1-PMS2) interacts physically with the clamp loader subunits of DNA polymerase III, suggesting that it may play a role to recruit the DNA polymerase III to the site of the MMR. Also implicated in DNA damage signaling, a process which induces cell cycle arrest and can lead to apoptosis in case of major DNA damages. Heterodimerizes with MLH3 to form MutL gamma which plays a role in meiosis.
• Uniprot ID: MLH1_HUMAN
• Ensembl ID: ENSG00000076242
• HGNC ID: HGNC:7127

Kingdom: Metazoa
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Homo sapiens

Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Molecule

  UAPP: Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Drug

Approved Drug(s) 4 drug(s) in total

Lapatinib

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Disease Class: HER2 positive breast cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: HER2 positive breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.8]
• Resistant Drug: Lapatinib
• Molecule Alteration: Missense mutation; p.V345A
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Plasma; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Next-generation sequencing assay; Circulating-free DNA assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography assay
• Mechanism Description: Seven genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), G protein subunit alpha S (GNAS), HRas proto-oncogene (HRAS), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), cadherin 1 (CDH1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and NOTCH1, that only occurred mutations in the resistant group were associated with the resistance of targeted therapy.

Disease Class: HER2 positive breast cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: HER2 positive breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.8]
• Resistant Drug: Lapatinib
• Molecule Alteration: Missense mutation; p.R90Q
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Plasma; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Next-generation sequencing assay; Circulating-free DNA assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography assay
• Mechanism Description: Seven genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), G protein subunit alpha S (GNAS), HRas proto-oncogene (HRAS), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), cadherin 1 (CDH1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and NOTCH1, that only occurred mutations in the resistant group were associated with the resistance of targeted therapy.

Disease Class: HER2 positive breast cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: HER2 positive breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.8]
• Resistant Drug: Lapatinib
• Molecule Alteration: Missense mutation; p.R74Q
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Plasma; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Next-generation sequencing assay; Circulating-free DNA assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography assay
• Mechanism Description: Seven genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), G protein subunit alpha S (GNAS), HRas proto-oncogene (HRAS), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), cadherin 1 (CDH1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and NOTCH1, that only occurred mutations in the resistant group were associated with the resistance of targeted therapy.

Disease Class: HER2 positive breast cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: HER2 positive breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.8]
• Resistant Drug: Lapatinib
• Molecule Alteration: Missense mutation; p.A348V
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Plasma; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Next-generation sequencing assay; Circulating-free DNA assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography assay
• Mechanism Description: Seven genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), G protein subunit alpha S (GNAS), HRas proto-oncogene (HRAS), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), cadherin 1 (CDH1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and NOTCH1, that only occurred mutations in the resistant group were associated with the resistance of targeted therapy.

Pertuzumab

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Disease Class: HER2 positive breast cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: HER2 positive breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.8]
• Resistant Drug: Pertuzumab
• Molecule Alteration: Missense mutation; p.V345A
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Plasma; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Next-generation sequencing assay; Circulating-free DNA assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography assay
• Mechanism Description: Seven genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), G protein subunit alpha S (GNAS), HRas proto-oncogene (HRAS), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), cadherin 1 (CDH1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and NOTCH1, that only occurred mutations in the resistant group were associated with the resistance of targeted therapy.

Disease Class: HER2 positive breast cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: HER2 positive breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.8]
• Resistant Drug: Pertuzumab
• Molecule Alteration: Missense mutation; p.R90Q
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Plasma; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Next-generation sequencing assay; Circulating-free DNA assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography assay
• Mechanism Description: Seven genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), G protein subunit alpha S (GNAS), HRas proto-oncogene (HRAS), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), cadherin 1 (CDH1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and NOTCH1, that only occurred mutations in the resistant group were associated with the resistance of targeted therapy.

Disease Class: HER2 positive breast cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: HER2 positive breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.8]
• Resistant Drug: Pertuzumab
• Molecule Alteration: Missense mutation; p.R74Q
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Plasma; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Next-generation sequencing assay; Circulating-free DNA assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography assay
• Mechanism Description: Seven genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), G protein subunit alpha S (GNAS), HRas proto-oncogene (HRAS), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), cadherin 1 (CDH1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and NOTCH1, that only occurred mutations in the resistant group were associated with the resistance of targeted therapy.

Disease Class: HER2 positive breast cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: HER2 positive breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.8]
• Resistant Drug: Pertuzumab
• Molecule Alteration: Missense mutation; p.A348V
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Plasma; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Next-generation sequencing assay; Circulating-free DNA assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography assay
• Mechanism Description: Seven genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), G protein subunit alpha S (GNAS), HRas proto-oncogene (HRAS), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), cadherin 1 (CDH1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and NOTCH1, that only occurred mutations in the resistant group were associated with the resistance of targeted therapy.

Trastuzumab

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Disease Class: HER2 positive breast cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: HER2 positive breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.8]
• Resistant Drug: Trastuzumab
• Molecule Alteration: Missense mutation; p.V345A
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Plasma; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Next-generation sequencing assay; Circulating-free DNA assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography assay
• Mechanism Description: Seven genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), G protein subunit alpha S (GNAS), HRas proto-oncogene (HRAS), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), cadherin 1 (CDH1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and NOTCH1, that only occurred mutations in the resistant group were associated with the resistance of targeted therapy.

Disease Class: HER2 positive breast cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: HER2 positive breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.8]
• Resistant Drug: Trastuzumab
• Molecule Alteration: Missense mutation; p.R90Q
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Plasma; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Next-generation sequencing assay; Circulating-free DNA assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography assay
• Mechanism Description: Seven genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), G protein subunit alpha S (GNAS), HRas proto-oncogene (HRAS), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), cadherin 1 (CDH1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and NOTCH1, that only occurred mutations in the resistant group were associated with the resistance of targeted therapy.

Disease Class: HER2 positive breast cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: HER2 positive breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.8]
• Resistant Drug: Trastuzumab
• Molecule Alteration: Missense mutation; p.R74Q
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Plasma; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Next-generation sequencing assay; Circulating-free DNA assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography assay
• Mechanism Description: Seven genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), G protein subunit alpha S (GNAS), HRas proto-oncogene (HRAS), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), cadherin 1 (CDH1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and NOTCH1, that only occurred mutations in the resistant group were associated with the resistance of targeted therapy.

Disease Class: HER2 positive breast cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: HER2 positive breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.8]
• Resistant Drug: Trastuzumab
• Molecule Alteration: Missense mutation; p.A348V
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Plasma; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Next-generation sequencing assay; Circulating-free DNA assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography assay
• Mechanism Description: Seven genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), G protein subunit alpha S (GNAS), HRas proto-oncogene (HRAS), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), cadherin 1 (CDH1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and NOTCH1, that only occurred mutations in the resistant group were associated with the resistance of targeted therapy.

Trastuzumab emtansine

Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms

Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP)

Disease Class: HER2 positive breast cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: HER2 positive breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.8]
• Resistant Drug: Trastuzumab emtansine
• Molecule Alteration: Missense mutation; p.V345A
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Plasma; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Next-generation sequencing assay; Circulating-free DNA assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography assay
• Mechanism Description: Seven genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), G protein subunit alpha S (GNAS), HRas proto-oncogene (HRAS), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), cadherin 1 (CDH1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and NOTCH1, that only occurred mutations in the resistant group were associated with the resistance of targeted therapy.

Disease Class: HER2 positive breast cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: HER2 positive breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.8]
• Resistant Drug: Trastuzumab emtansine
• Molecule Alteration: Missense mutation; p.R90Q
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Plasma; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Next-generation sequencing assay; Circulating-free DNA assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography assay
• Mechanism Description: Seven genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), G protein subunit alpha S (GNAS), HRas proto-oncogene (HRAS), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), cadherin 1 (CDH1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and NOTCH1, that only occurred mutations in the resistant group were associated with the resistance of targeted therapy.

Disease Class: HER2 positive breast cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: HER2 positive breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.8]
• Resistant Drug: Trastuzumab emtansine
• Molecule Alteration: Missense mutation; p.R74Q
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Plasma; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Next-generation sequencing assay; Circulating-free DNA assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography assay
• Mechanism Description: Seven genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), G protein subunit alpha S (GNAS), HRas proto-oncogene (HRAS), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), cadherin 1 (CDH1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and NOTCH1, that only occurred mutations in the resistant group were associated with the resistance of targeted therapy.

Disease Class: HER2 positive breast cancer [1]

• Resistant Disease: HER2 positive breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60.8]
• Resistant Drug: Trastuzumab emtansine
• Molecule Alteration: Missense mutation; p.A348V
• Experimental Note: Identified from the Human Clinical Data
• In Vitro Model: Plasma; Blood; Homo sapiens (Human); N.A.
• Experiment for Molecule Alteration: Next-generation sequencing assay; Circulating-free DNA assay
• Experiment for Drug Resistance: Positron emission tomography/Computed tomography assay
• Mechanism Description: Seven genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), G protein subunit alpha S (GNAS), HRas proto-oncogene (HRAS), mutL homolog 1 (MLH1), cadherin 1 (CDH1), neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS), and NOTCH1, that only occurred mutations in the resistant group were associated with the resistance of targeted therapy.

Disease- and Tissue-specific Abundances of This Molecule

ICD Disease Classification 02

Breast cancer [ICD-11: 2C60]

Differential expression of molecule in resistant diseases

• The Studied Tissue: Breast tissue
• The Specified Disease: Breast cancer
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Healthy Individual Tissue: p-value: 5.81E-06; Fold-change: 1.08E-01; Z-score: 2.80E-01
• The Expression Level of Disease Section Compare with the Adjacent Tissue: p-value: 1.09E-01; Fold-change: 5.35E-02; Z-score: 1.69E-01

References

• Ref 1: Circulating-free DNA Mutation Associated with Response of Targeted Therapy in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-positive Metastatic Breast Cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2017 Mar 5;130(5):522-529. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.200542.