General Information of the Molecule (ID: Mol01895)
Name
Midkine (MDK) ,Homo sapiens
Synonyms
MDK; MK1; NEGF2
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Molecule Type
Protein
Gene Name
MDK
Gene ID
4192
Location
chr11:46,380,756-46,383,837[+]
Sequence
MQHRGFLLLTLLALLALTSAVAKKKDKVKKGGPGSECAEWAWGPCTPSSKDCGVGFREGT
CGAQTQRIRCRVPCNWKKEFGADCKYKFENWGACDGGTGTKVRQGTLKKARYNAQCQETI
RVTKPCTPKTKAKAKAKKGKGKD
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Function
Secreted protein that functions as cytokine and growth factor and mediates its signal through cell-surface proteoglycan and non-proteoglycan receptors. Binds cell-surface proteoglycan receptors via their chondroitin sulfate (CS) groups. Thereby regulates many processes like inflammatory response, cell proliferation, cell adhesion, cell growth, cell survival, tissue regeneration, cell differentiation and cell migration. Participates in inflammatory processes by exerting two different activities. Firstly, mediates neutrophils and macrophages recruitment to the sites of inflammation both by direct action by cooperating namely with ITGB2 via LRP1 and by inducing chemokine expression. This inflammation can be accompanied by epithelial cell survival and smooth muscle cell migration after renal and vessel damage, respectively. Secondly, suppresses the development of tolerogenic dendric cells thereby inhibiting the differentiation of regulatory T cells and also promote T cell expansion through NFAT signaling and Th1 cell differentiation. Promotes tissue regeneration after injury or trauma. After heart damage negatively regulates the recruitment of inflammatory cells and mediates cell survival through activation of anti-apoptotic signaling pathways via MAPKs and AKT pathways through the activation of angiogenesis. Also facilitates liver regeneration as well as bone repair by recruiting macrophage at trauma site and by promoting cartilage development by facilitating chondrocyte differentiation. Plays a role in brain by promoting neural precursor cells survival and growth through interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Binds PTPRZ1 and promotes neuronal migration and embryonic neurons survival. Binds SDC3 or GPC2 and mediates neurite outgrowth and cell adhesion. Binds chondroitin sulfate E and heparin leading to inhibition of neuronal cell adhesion induced by binding with GPC2. Binds CSPG5 and promotes elongation of oligodendroglial precursor-like cells. Also binds ITGA6:ITGB1 complex; this interaction mediates MDK-induced neurite outgrowth. Binds LRP1; promotes neuronal survival. Binds ITGA4:ITGB1 complex; this interaction mediates MDK-induced osteoblast cells migration through PXN phosphorylation. Binds anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) which induces ALK activation and subsequent phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS1), followed by the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3-kinase, and the induction of cell proliferation. Promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition through interaction with NOTCH2. During arteriogenesis, plays a role in vascular endothelial cell proliferation by inducing VEGFA expression and release which in turn induces nitric oxide synthase expression. Moreover activates vasodilation through nitric oxide synthase activation. Negatively regulates bone formation in response to mechanical load by inhibiting Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in osteoblasts. In addition plays a role in hippocampal development, working memory, auditory response, early fetal adrenal gland development and the female reproductive system.
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Uniprot ID
MK_HUMAN
Ensembl ID
ENSG00000110492
HGNC ID
HGNC:6972
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Kingdom: Metazoa
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Homo sapiens
Type(s) of Resistant Mechanism of This Molecule
  UAPP: Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway
Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Drug
Approved Drug(s)
1 drug(s) in total
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Gemcitabine
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Drug Resistance Data Categorized by Their Corresponding Mechanisms
       Unusual Activation of Pro-survival Pathway (UAPP) Click to Show/Hide
Disease Class: Biliary tract cancer [1]
Resistant Disease Biliary tract cancer [ICD-11: 2C15.0]
Resistant Drug Gemcitabine
Molecule Alteration Expression
Up-regulation
Experimental Note Revealed Based on the Cell Line Data
In Vitro Model GBC-SD cells Gallbladder Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_6903
RBE cells Liver Homo sapiens (Human) CVCL_4896
Experiment for
Molecule Alteration
Western blotting analysis
Experiment for
Drug Resistance
CCK-8 assay
Mechanism Description BTC cell lines were more resistant to gemcitabine plus MDK compared with gemcitabine alone. In terms of the underlying mechanism, MDK promoted the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of BTC cells and the enhancing effect of MDK on gemcitabine resistance was abrogated when the EMT was blocked with small interfering (si)RNA targeting Twist. In addition, MDK promoted the expression of Notch-1, while knockdown of Notch-1 by siRNA blocked the EMT process in the BTC cell lines.
References
Ref 1 Effect of midkine on gemcitabine resistance in biliary tract cancer .Int J Mol Med. 2018 Apr;41(4):2003-2011. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3399. Epub 2018 Jan 18. 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3399

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